Physical Growth in Children Physical Growth in Children Assessing Growth To assess physical growth in children, several indicators are considered, including: Anthropometric measurements: Height, weight, head circumference, chest circumference, arm circumference, etc. Bone age: Determining bone age based on X-ray images of the hand. Signs of sexual maturity: Appearance of pubic hair, breast development, voice…

Vaccination Contraindications and Postponements Vaccination Contraindications and Postponements Vaccination Contraindications: Shock or severe reaction after vaccination: Vaccination should be avoided if the child has had a severe reaction to a previous vaccination. High fever above 39°C with seizures: Vaccination should be avoided if the child has a high fever above 39°C and seizures. Signs of…

Diabetes: Overview and Guide Diabetes: Overview and Guide Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Over time, hyperglycemia damages various organs, especially the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. Diagnostic criteria for diabetes according to WHO, 1998: Fasting blood glucose (fasting…

The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus: Two Important Organelles in the Cell The Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus: Two Important Organelles in the Cell The intracellular membrane, including the nuclear membrane, mitochondrial membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a complex membrane system that plays a crucial role in cell activity. The endoplasmic reticulum has two…

Sodium Bicarbonate 1.4% Solution Sodium Bicarbonate 1.4% Solution Composition: Active ingredient: Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3) 1.4% Solvent: Sterile Water for Injection Properties: Isotonic solution pH: 7-8.5 Action: Directly provides bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) to help restore acid-base balance. Notes: The sterilization process can decompose NaHCO3, reducing bicarbonate concentration and increasing the alkalinity of the product. Maintaining bicarbonate…

Ammonium Chloride 2.14% Solution Ammonium Chloride 2.14% Solution Composition: Active ingredient: Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl) Solvent: Sterile Water for Injection Properties: pH: 4.5 – 6 Note: When Ammonium Chloride solution is introduced into the blood, ammonium ions (NH4+) can easily pass through the red blood cell membrane, posing a risk of hemolysis (destruction of red blood…

Physical and Language Development in Children from 0 to 6 Years Old Physical and Language Development in Children from 0 to 6 Years Old Newborn Stage (0-1 Month) Newborns primarily rely on natural reflexes like extension, flexion, turning, and stretching. They begin to have spontaneous movements and cry to express their needs. From week 2-3,…

Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Anemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Anemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood, leading to a reduced ability to transport oxygen to the tissues in the body. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anemia is defined as follows:…

Cushing’s Syndrome Cushing’s Syndrome 1. What is Cushing’s syndrome? Cushing’s syndrome is an endocrine disorder that occurs when the body produces too much of the hormone cortisol, a hormone produced by the adrenal glands. This condition causes a variety of symptoms due to the chronic, uncontrolled increase of glucocorticoid hormones. 2. Causes of Cushing’s syndrome…

Sleep-Wake Regulation Mechanisms: Sleep-Wake Regulation Mechanisms: Wakefulness Maintenance System: Consists of 4 main nuclei within the Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS): PPT, Rache, LC, TMN. The hypothalamus secretes orexin, playing a crucial role in maintaining wakefulness. Sleep Initiation System: The Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus (VLPO) plays a major role in triggering sleep. Serotonin modulates the activity…