Organic Chemistry: Basic Concepts Organic Chemistry: Basic Concepts Organic chemistry is the branch of science that studies the structure, properties, and reactions of carbon-containing compounds. Here are some basic concepts in organic chemistry: 1. Starch: The main component of starch is amylopectin. 2. Boiling Point: Acids have the highest boiling point. Hydrocarbons (CxHy) have the…

Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Osteoarthritis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic disease that affects the joints, particularly the knees, hips, hands, and spine. It occurs when the cartilage in the joints degenerates, causing pain, stiffness, and limited mobility. Classification of Osteoarthritis: Primary: Occurs due to the…

Oral Mucosa: Structure and Function Oral Mucosa: Structure and Function Oral Mucosa: Structure and Function The oral mucosa is the inner lining of the oral cavity, playing a crucial role in protection, mastication, swallowing, and speech. It is composed of two main layers: epithelium and connective tissue. 1. Epithelium: – The outermost layer that directly…

Oral Pathology in HIV-infected Individuals and Osteomyelitis Oral Pathology in HIV-infected Individuals and Osteomyelitis Oral Pathology in HIV-infected Individuals and Osteomyelitis I. Oral Pathology in HIV-infected Individuals 1. Candida Infection Pseudomembranous Candidiasis: Characteristics: White or yellow membrane, bleeding when scraped. Location: Palate, buccal mucosa, lips and dorsum of the tongue. Hyperplastic Candidiasis: Characteristics: White membrane…

Nutrition: Nutritional Value and Hygienic Features of Food Groups Nutrition: Nutritional Value and Hygienic Features of Food Groups Nutrition: Nutritional Value and Hygienic Features of Food Groups # Food Classification Food can be classified in many ways, with two common methods being: Classification by origin: Plant-based foods Animal-based foods Processed foods from natural ingredients Classification…

Obstetric Knowledge – Gynecological Exploration Obstetric Knowledge – Gynecological Exploration Obstetric Knowledge – Gynecological Exploration Fetus and Ultrasound: Fetal image becomes clearly visible on ultrasound from 7 weeks of amenorrhea (Question 601). Fetal heartbeat can be seen on ultrasound from 7 weeks of amenorrhea (Question 602). The average growth rate of the fetal biparietal diameter…

Nutrition for the Elderly: Things to Keep in Mind Nutrition for the Elderly: Things to Keep in Mind Nutrition for the Elderly: Things to Keep in Mind Age affects the body and nutritional needs of each person. For the elderly, physiological changes occur that require them to have a special diet to maintain health. 1.…

Nutrition Guide for Children Under 3 Years Old Nutrition Guide for Children Under 3 Years Old Nutrition Guide for Children Under 3 Years Old Breast Milk – The Perfect Nutrition for Infants Colostrum: This precious milk is formed from the 14th-16th week of pregnancy, secreted in the first 1-3 days after birth and lasts for…

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 1. General Pharmacological Effects of NSAIDs: Antipyretic: Inhibits prostaglandin (PG) synthesis. Anti-inflammatory: Inhibits COX (cyclooxygenase), leading to decreased production of PGE2 and PGF1a. Analgesic: Inhibits COX, reduces PGF2a production, and decreases the sensitivity of sensory nerves to pain stimuli. Antiplatelet: Inhibits COX, reducing…

NSAIDs: An Overview NSAIDs: An Overview NSAIDs: An Overview This article will provide detailed information on NSAIDs, a group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs widely used to treat pain, fever and inflammation. 1. Is Paracetamol an NSAID? The answer is no. Paracetamol is a pain reliever and fever reducer but does not possess anti-inflammatory properties like…