Biogeochemical Cycles – The Cycles of Life Biogeochemical Cycles – The Cycles of Life Biogeochemical cycles are the processes that move chemical elements through the Earth’s different systems, from the environment to living organisms, through food webs, and back again. These cycles ensure balance and sustain life on Earth. Major Biogeochemical Cycles: The Carbon Cycle:…

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 1. Menorrhagia: Cyclical bleeding. Lasts more than 7 days. Includes functional menorrhagia and organic menorrhagia. Menorrhagia is a symptom, not a disease. 2. Metrorrhagia: Bleeding from the genital tract lasting more than 7 days. Not cyclical. 3. Causes of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: Physical lesions in the genital organs. Complications…

Reticular Formation, Hypothalamus, and Limbic System Reticular Formation, Hypothalamus, and Limbic System The reticular formation is a network of neurons located deep within the brainstem. It is divided into two parts: Upper part: located in the midbrain and pons, plays a role in activating consciousness and wakefulness. Lower part: located in the medulla and pons,…

Microorganisms in Nature and Their Parasitic Nature in Humans Microorganisms in Nature and Their Parasitic Nature in Humans Microorganisms (MOs) are ubiquitous in nature, inhabiting environments ranging from soil and water to air, plants, and the bodies of animals and humans. They play crucial roles in biological cycles, but some can also cause disease in…

List of Acupuncture Points List of Acupuncture Points Below is a list of common acupuncture points along with their locations: Point | Location ——- | ——– Di Zhi | Intersection of the nasolabial fold and the horizontal line of the corner of the mouth (0.4F) Jia Xa | Highest part of the masseter muscle Feng…

Face, Forehead, and Transverse Presentations Face, Forehead, and Transverse Presentations Face Presentation Definition: A longitudinal presentation where the fetal head is tilted maximally backward, with the chin presenting. Causes: Primary: Narrow pelvis, uterine anomalies, large fetus. Secondary: Failure of the vertex presentation to descend well. Signs: External examination: Chin-jaw sign. Internal examination: Nose, mouth, and…

Matter Exchange in Ecosystems Matter Exchange in Ecosystems 1. Concept: Matter exchange in an ecosystem is the process of transforming and cycling matter between the components of the ecosystem, including: Within the community of organisms: Species within the community exchange matter with each other through food chains and food webs. Between the community of organisms…

Medicinal Condensing Agents: Applications and Usage Medicinal Condensing Agents: Applications and Usage Action: Medicinal condensing agents have the effect of consolidating sap (sweat, blood, and other bodily fluids). Classification: Medicinal condensing agents for sweating: Wu Wei Zi (Schisandra chinensis), Wu Bei Zi (Terminalia chebula) Medicinal condensing agents for seminal discharge: Shan Thu Du (Cornus officinalis)…

Diagnosis and Treatment of Postpartum Milk Deficiency Diagnosis and Treatment of Postpartum Milk Deficiency Postpartum milk deficiency is a common condition that affects both the mother’s health and the baby’s development. The main causes are due to the mother’s body being weakened after childbirth, depletion of Qi and blood, or due to psychological stress, leading…

Membrane Potential and Action Potential Membrane Potential and Action Potential Physical Basis of Membrane Potential Membrane potential is the electrical potential difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane. This difference is created by the uneven distribution of ions across the membrane, primarily due to ion diffusion. Ion Diffusion and Diffusion Potential: Diffusion…