Melasma: Causes, Mechanism, and Diagnosis Melasma: Causes, Mechanism, and Diagnosis Melasma is a common skin condition, often occurring in women. Here is detailed information about the etiology, mechanism, and diagnostic methods of melasma: Etiology: Gender: Females have a higher risk of developing melasma than males. Genetics: Family history of melasma is also a risk factor.…
Beef Tapeworm (Taenia saginata) Beef Tapeworm (Taenia saginata) Beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) is a common type of parasite that infects humans when they consume undercooked beef. 1. Source of Infection: Beef tapeworm is transmitted through undercooked beef. 2. Intermediate Host: Cattle serve as the intermediate host for beef tapeworm. 3. Disease Distribution: In Vietnam, beef…
Characteristics of the Upper Fourth Molar Characteristics of the Upper Fourth Molar Crown: Ovoid or square shaped. Cusps: Slightly rounded, slightly inclined distally. Mesial and Distal Marginal Ridges: Inclined 30 degrees, forming prominent shoulders along the buccal contours. Mesial Fossa: Located in the mesial cervical third, slightly depressed in the middle of the crown. Lobes…
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), also known as pigmentation dryness disease, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a defect in DNA repair processes, leading to increased sensitivity to sunlight. The disease is often characterized by symptoms such as skin pigmentation…
The Autonomic Nervous System: Controlling the Body Automatically The Autonomic Nervous System: Controlling the Body Automatically The autonomic nervous system, also known as the involuntary nervous system, is a complex network that controls automatic bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and excretion. This system operates independently of our conscious awareness. The autonomic nervous…
MD Pathophysiology: Review Exercises MD Pathophysiology: Review Exercises 1. Complement: Intersection of the 3 complement activation pathways: C3b Complement factors (C2-C5): when activated, they are cleaved into two fragments, a and b, with fragment b usually binding to the target cell, except: C2b Alternative complement activation pathway: the equivalent complex to C4b2a in the lectin…
Obesity: A Public Health Threat Obesity: A Public Health Threat Childhood obesity is a serious public health issue, directly linked to children’s future health, disease, and mortality. This condition is particularly on the rise in developing countries, posing a significant challenge to healthcare systems. Currently, there is no effective treatment strategy for obesity, so prevention…
Tetracyclines and their Derivatives: Structure, Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity Tetracyclines and their Derivatives: Structure, Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics characterized by their phenanthrene ring structure. They are known for their bacteriostatic action (except for minocycline, which is bactericidal). This group possesses a broad spectrum of activity, making them effective in…
2nd Semester Exam Preparation: Formulation 2nd Semester Exam Preparation: Formulation 1. Bismuth Nitrate: Page 33: Mechanical dispersion. 2. Terpin Hydrate: Page 33: Mechanical dispersion. Poorly soluble drug: Terpin hydrate Emulsifier: Acacia (CNH D/N) Preservative: Sodium benzoate (water-soluble) Sweetener: Codeine 3. Precipitation method: Page 33: Gelatin A + Tartaric acid + Water Wet gum method Page…
Water Hardness: An Overview Water Hardness: An Overview Hard Water: Temporary hard water: Contains Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3– ions. Permanent hard water: Contains Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl–, SO42- ions. Addressing Hard Water: Two preferred substances: Na2CO3, Na3PO4 (or K2CO3, K3PO4) Important Compounds: Anhydrous gypsum: CaSO4 Plaster of Paris: CaSO4.H2O Alum: K2SO4.Al(SO4)3.24H2O or KAl(SO4)2.12H2O Chemical Properties: Least reactive…