MD Pathophysiology: Review Exercises

1. Complement:

• Intersection of the 3 complement activation pathways: C3b

• Complement factors (C2-C5): when activated, they are cleaved into two fragments, a and b, with fragment b usually binding to the target cell, except: C2b

• Alternative complement activation pathway: the equivalent complex to C4b2a in the lectin pathway is C3bBb

• C5 convertase of the alternative complement activation pathway: C3bBb3b

• Opsonization: associated with FcRgamma

2. Absorption and Digestion:

• Absorption is not affected when a patient has secretory diarrhea: sodium absorption is coupled with glucose

• Decreased serum albumin in patients with cirrhosis:

• Decreased synthesis and degradation

• Decreased supply from diet (due to decreased absorption)

• Albumin loss into ascites fluid

• Decreased number of liver cells due to fibrosis

3. Jaundice:

• Pre-hepatic jaundice:

• Increased free bilirubin

• Associated with newborns

• Hepatic and post-hepatic jaundice:

• Increased conjugated bilirubin

• Cases of biliary obstruction

4. Blood Lipids:

• Lipids are mainly elevated due to excessive intake of saturated fat: triglycerides

5. Asthma:

• Disorder in ventilation due to airway obstruction

6. Inflammation:

• Biological properties of endogenous pyrogens: increased leukocyte chemotaxis, increased CRP

• Vascular disturbances in inflammation that occur latest: circulatory stasis

7. Anemia:

• Hemolytic anemia due to red blood cell membrane defect, spherocytosis: Minkowski Chauffaud disease

• Primary polycythemia:

• Proliferative clone of stem cells

• Living at high altitude

• Decreased erythropoietin

8. Circulating Volume:

• Causes of decreased volume:

• Diabetes insipidus due to ADH, Aldosterol deficiency

• Renal failure

• Mechanism of edema leading to increased effective circulating volume: increased osmotic pressure

• Clinical laboratory result for diagnosis of true hyponatremia: decreased plasma osmotic pressure

9. Hormones:

• Adrenal medulla hormone that increases blood glucose: adrenaline

10. Diabetes:

• Changes in the number of insulin receptors in diabetes: downregulation

• Symptom that is NOT CORRECT for hyperosmolar coma complications in diabetic patients: usually in young patients, adolescents

• HbS mutation in sickle cell disease: reduced solubility of deoxy HbS

• Hemolytic anemia in sickle cell disease occurs in: reticulocytes

• Fingerprint technique in sickle cell disease: there is a mutation in the beta chain of Hb

11. Immunity:

• Under normal conditions, it can be a hapten: pure mycobacterial lipid acid

• Thymus-independent antigen: polysaccharide

• Non-immunogenic substances: polystyrene, asbestos, hapten, polypeptide composed entirely of D amino acids

• Cause NOT leading to hypoglycemia: alpha islet cell tumor, liver enzyme deficiency, ACTH deficiency, adrenal hyperplasia, alcohol

• Insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes: impaired glucose transport

• Antibody with the highest efficiency in activating complement via the classical pathway: IgG

• Antigen receptor of B lymphocytes: s-Ig

• Difference in isotype of antibodies: different heavy chain structure

Note: The above article is compiled from the provided data, may be incomplete or inaccurate.