Respiratory Physiology Respiratory Physiology Respiration is the process of supplying oxygen to the body and eliminating CO2 to the environment. This process consists of four main stages: 1. Pulmonary ventilation: Gas exchange between the lungs and the environment. 2. Gas exchange in the lungs: Gas exchange between alveoli and blood capillaries. 3. Gas transport in…

Pneumonia: Diagnosis and Treatment Guide Pneumonia: Diagnosis and Treatment Guide 1. Symptoms: Sudden high fever, sweating or chills Cough with rusty or green, purulent sputum Pleuritic chest pain, difficulty breathing Body aches, lung rales 2. Diagnosis: Blood tests: Increased WBC, increased NEU; Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate Biochemical tests: Increased CRP, Increased procalcitonin (>0.5 ng/L) Blood…

Oils, Waxes and Derivatives: Application in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Oils, Waxes and Derivatives: Application in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Oils, waxes and their derivatives are common ingredients in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, playing a crucial role in creating the texture, permeability and effectiveness of the product. Vegetable Oils: Peanut Oil: Peanut oil is liquid in nature and…

Plant Midterm Exam 70% (Part I) Plant Midterm Exam 70% (Part I) Questions: 1. What are the characteristics of a valvular capsule? The number of sepals is twice the number of carpels. The seed-bearing axis is in the middle of the fruit, detaching from the pericarp. 2. What is a squirrel tail inflorescence? It’s a…

Medicinal Plants – What You Need to Know Medicinal Plants – What You Need to Know This article provides basic information about medicinal plants, including the structure, characteristics, and active ingredients of some common medicinal plants. 1. Areca Nut: Active ingredient: Arealin Characteristic of ripe fruit: Splits into two pieces of shell 2. Root Structure…

Transcription: The Process of RNA Synthesis Transcription: The Process of RNA Synthesis Concept: Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using the template strand (3′-5′ strand) of DNA. In other words, transcription is the process of transferring genetic information from the template strand of a gene to RNA according to the complementary principle. Location: The…

Pharmaceutical Botany Final Exam – Part II Pharmaceutical Botany Final Exam – Part II Plant Classification System: Family: One or more genera that share a common origin. Subfamily: The name ends with “-oideae”. Characteristics of Plant Families: Malvaceae (Mallow Family): Stamens fused at the filaments into a tube surrounding the ovary and style, anthers 2-celled,…

Rebellious Qi-Relieving Herbs – Precious Medicines Rebellious Qi-Relieving Herbs – Precious Medicines Here is a list of Qi-relieving herbs, along with their properties and uses: 1. Unripe cam toan fruit that falls off naturally: Other names: Zhi shi Properties: Bitter and cold Uses: Spleen and Stomach 2. Ripe cam toan fruit: Other names: Zhi xue…

Lung Flukes: The Hidden Enemy in Your Lungs Lung Flukes: The Hidden Enemy in Your Lungs Lung flukes, a dangerous parasitic worm, typically reside in the lungs, particularly the bronchi (the root of the lungs). These parasites form cysts that contain two adult flukes and red pus, clustering together. Inflammation and fibrosis often occur around…

Skin Discoloration: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Skin Discoloration: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Skin discoloration is a condition that causes increased pigmentation on the skin, manifesting as patches of skin that are brown, dark brown, blue, or other colors. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment of skin discoloration can help you proactively care for your skin…