Medicinal Plants – What You Need to Know

This article provides basic information about medicinal plants, including the structure, characteristics, and active ingredients of some common medicinal plants.

1. Areca Nut:

• Active ingredient: Arealin

• Characteristic of ripe fruit: Splits into two pieces of shell

2. Root Structure of Plants:

• Primary structure: Root hair layer, primary cortex, central cylinder

3. Carrot Root:

• Origin: Formed from the main root into a root tuber

4. Saigon Earth:

• Easy to confuse with: Forest Tea plant

5. Pre-Flowering Stage of Citrus:

• Type of pre-flowering: Valve

6. North Leaf:

• Location: Leaves grow in the axils of a flower

7. Red Polygonum Multiflorum:

• Plant family: Polygonaceae (Smartweed)

8. Latin in Science:

• Period of use: Renaissance

9. Thick Tissue:

• Location: At the 4 corners of the mint family (Lamiaceae) or the petiole corners of some plants like lemon basil

10. Job’s Tears:

• Scientific name: *Coix lachryma-jobi*

• Family: Poaceae

11. Calyx of Pomegranate Family Plants:

• Characteristic: 5-6 sepals

12. Parenchyma:

• Function: Connects different tissues, assimilation or storage

13. Chlorenchyma:

• Type of tissue: Assimilative parenchyma

14. Conservation Methods:

• Method: In-situ, ex-situ, on-farm conservation, field gene banks, in vitro gene banks

15. Root of *Stephania tetrandra*:

• Type of root: Root tuber

16. Root of Orchid Plants:

• Characteristic: Adhering firmly to the stem, aerial roots

17. Non-living Components:

• Components: Microtubules, plastids

18. Stem of the Gourd Family:

• Shape: Pentagonal

19. Single-flowered Plants:

• Example: Plantain, mustard

20. Latin Name of Plants:

• Requirement: Must have the ending “aceae”

21. Root of Plantain:

• Root form: Fibrous root

22. Leaf of *Leonurus japonicus*:

• Growth pattern: Opposite leaves

23. White Celosia:

• Flower shape: Spike

24. Laydon Plant:

• Stem type: Poisonous bulbous stem

25. Inner Procambium:

• Location: Inside the stele (central cylinder)

26. Phloem Fibre:

• Function: Support

27. Onion:

• Missing tissue: Thick tissue

28. Star Anise Fruit:

• Fruit type: Aggregate fruit

29. Pre-Flowering Type:

• Number of types: 7 types: spiral, valve, overlapping, five-point, banner, spoon

30. Floral Appendages:

• Appendage: Bract, nectar glands, corolla appendages

31. *Hedyotis corymbosa*:

• Type of root: Fibrous

32. Characteristics of Monocotyledonous Plants:

• Characteristics: Tap root type, parallel leaf venation type, number of petals 3, 6; 1 cotyledon, herbaceous stem type, column

33. Missing Parenchyma:

• Characteristic: Composed of uneven cells, leaving large, wide intercellular spaces filled with air

34. Berry:

• Example: Orange

35. Polygonum Multiflorum:

• Family: Polygonaceae (Smartweed)

36. Wax Layer on Gourd Skin:

• Origin: Due to the waxification of the cell wall

37. Name of Plant Division:

• Symbol: Ales

38. Rectangular Pattern:

• Type of tissue: Chlorenchyma

39. Parts of the Root:

• Order from top to bottom: Root collar, periderm region, root hair region, growth region, root tip

40. Supporting Part in the Stem of Onion:

• Part: Vascular bundle sheath, sclerenchyma ring

41. Active Ingredient in Areca Nut:

• Active ingredient: Arealin

42. Spongy Thick Tissue:

• Characteristic: Has intercellular spaces

43. Stoma Cells:

• Classification:

• Subsidiary cells: Stoma is surrounded by subsidiary cells similar to epidermal cells.

• Guard cells: Stoma is surrounded by two guard cells that are perpendicular to the stomatal pore.

• Accessory cells: Stoma is surrounded by 3 subsidiary cells, one of which is smaller than the other two.

• Companion cells: Stoma is surrounded by two subsidiary cells parallel to the two stomatal pores.

44. Flower of the Smartweed Family:

• Floral diagram: Bisexual, 5-6 sepals, no petals, 3-6 whorls of stamens, 3 whorls of pistils, superior ovary

45. Didynamous Stamen:

• Characteristic of family: Mint

46. Lateral Root:

• Origin: Pericycle

47. Growth Pattern of Flowers:

• Raceme: Unbranched inflorescence axis, bearing many pedicellate flowers, each flower located in the axil of a bract. The lower flowers bloom first, followed by the upper flowers in succession. The inflorescence is cone-shaped and long.

• Spike: No pedicels. The flowers are closely attached to the inflorescence axis.

48. Endodermis:

• Location: Innermost layer of the cortex

49. Adhering Roots, Breathing Roots:

• Adhering roots: Grow from stem fragments to help the plant cling to other plants or trellises.

• Breathing roots: Found in many plants living in swamps.

50. Fan Palm Leaf:

• Leaf type: Ribbon-shaped leaf, with a sheath that grows against the stem and spreads out like a fan

51. Mint Family:

• Characteristic: Stamen whorl consists of many separate stamens, with long filaments that push the anthers out (stamen with rough filaments). Under the leaf epidermis or in parts of the flower, there are oil glands of the meristematic type.

52. Anise Family:

• Characteristic: Pistil consists of 5-21 separate carpels arranged in a circle like a star, forming an aggregate fruit composed of many achenes.

53. Umbelliferae and Ginseng Family:

• Difference: Lifestyle

54. Umbelliferae:

• Characteristic: Herbaceous, fragrant, stem often hollow, with longitudinal grooves. Compound leaves with sheaths. Compound umbel inflorescence, 5-membered, inferior ovary.

55. Fabaceae Flower:

• Characteristic: No ovary consists of 3 separate carpels arranged in a circle

56. Dianthus Fruit:

• Characteristic: The fruit originates from a flower with a one-celled ovary, central placentation, a node at the tip of the fruit, while the base of the fruit remains united, and the seeds are carried by a column in the middle of the fruit.

57. Meristematic Tissue Not Found in Rice:

• Tissue type: Lateral meristem

58. Saponin:

• Characteristic component of the family: Araliaceae

59. Protoplasm:

• Characteristic: A viscous mass, high viscosity, and elasticity, water content accounts for about 70-80%

60. Mitochondria:

• Function: Respiration to generate energy

61. Chloroplasts:

• Main function: Assimilation in green plants

62. Starch:

• Common storage material: Type of inclusion

63. Meristematic Tissue:

• Important characteristic: Consists of undifferentiated cells

64. Cellulose Pectin:

• Structure: Two layers belong to the structure of the plant cell wall

65. Corner Thick Tissue:

• Location: At the 4 corners of the mint family stem or the petiole corners of some plants like lemon basil

66. Petal:

• Parts: Blade, claw

67. Growth Region:

• Location: Meristem of the root

68. Vascular System:

• Arrangement pattern: Phloem outside, xylem inside

69. Leaf with One Vein:

• Example: *Cycas revoluta*

70. Incision in Dissected Leaf:

• Shape: Reaching the leaf vein

71. Leaf Transformed into Spine:

• Function: Reduce water transpiration

72. Bract Transformed:

• Example: *Pinellia ternata*, *Colocasia esculenta*, *Kaempferia galanga* … bracts often transform into spathes that enclose the inflorescence

73. Pedicel:

• Location: In the axil of the bract

74. Latin Name of *Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata*:

• Latin name: *Sêmn*

75. Latin Name of Onion Stem:

• Latin name: *Bulbus*

76. Latin Name of Petal:

• Latin name: *Petalum*

77. Spongy Thick Tissue:

• Characteristic: Has intercellular spaces between thick tissue cells

78. Function of Vacuoles:

• Function: Sacs containing water and dissolved substances in water

79. Thick Tissue Different from Sclerenchyma:

• Difference: The nature of the thickening material on the cell walls

80. Chlorenchyma:

• Structure: Narrow and elongated cells containing chloroplasts tightly packed together and perpendicular to the epidermis

81. Companion Cells:

• Function: Secrete enzymes that prevent the coagulation of the protoplasm of the vessels

82. Tracheid with Trapezoidal Shape:

• Characteristic of species: Pine and Ipecac root

83. Consonants in the Latin Alphabet:

• Consonants: B, h, k, l, m, p, r, v, c, d, f, g, q, qu, s, t, x, z, kh, chl, ph, rh, th, w

84. Concept Not Found in Latin:

• Concept: Diphthong

85. Diphthongs in Latin:

• Diphthongs: Ae, oe, au, eu

86. Consonant Clusters in Latin:

• Consonant clusters: Th, kh, chl, ph, rh, th

87. Latin Name of the Buttercup Family:

• Latin name: *Ranunculaceae*

88. Latin Name of Rhizome:

• Latin name: *Rhizoma*

89. Tracheid and Vessel:

• Function: Wrong, they conduct elaborated sap

90. Oil Secreting Tubes and Secreting Cells:

• Correct

91. Sclerenchyma Fibre:

• Correct: Long, spindle-shaped cells, very thick walls, and very narrow lumens

92. Secretory Epidermis:

• Location: Often found in petals

93. Chromoplasts:

• Function: Create the color of fruits when young

94. Chromoplasts:

• Main function: Attract insects

95. Glandular Hair:

• Tissue type: Secretory tissue

96. Water in Protoplasm:

• Ratio: 80-85%

97. Mulberry Family:

• Characteristic: Stipules encircle the bud and fall off early leaving a ring-shaped scar on the stem/ two stipules fall off early leaving two scars on the stem

98. Smartweed Family:

• Flower characteristic: Not forming fruits, forming fruits with 3 sides or convex lens shape

99. Inflorescence:

• Characteristic: Consists of many flowers growing on a branched floral axis

100. Inflorescence of *Amorphophallus konjac*:

• Shape: One-sided cyme

101. Draw a Stamen Diagram:

• How to draw: B shape with the concave side facing inward

102. Middle Fruit Peel:

• Origin: Parenchyma of the ovary wall creates

103. Segments of Citrus Fruit:

• Origin: Inner fruit peel

104. Root Hair Region:

• Function: Absorb water and mineral ions mainly through which structural component of the root

105. Legume:

• Characteristic: When ripe, splits into two pieces of shell

106. Asteraceae:

• Characteristic: Herbaceous plants, roots can swell into tubers. Capitulum, raceme or head of capitulum. Flowers can be regular, tubular, or irregular, with small ligulate flowers. Closed fruit.

107. Job’s Tears:

• Scientific name: *Coix lachryma-jobi*

• Family: Poaceae

108. Smartweed Family:

• Latin name: *Polygonaceae*

109. Onion:

• Missing tissue: Thick tissue

110. Stoma with Accessory Cells:

• Characteristic: Around the stoma there are 3 subsidiary cells, including 2 large cells and one small cell

111. Stoma with Subsidiary Cells:

• Characteristic: Around the stoma there are 5 subsidiary cells that have the same shape as the epidermal cells

112. Stoma with Annular Cells:

• Characteristic: The stoma is surrounded by subsidiary cells that are arranged in a continuous chain along the length

113. Zangiberaceae:

• Characteristic: Large flowers, easily crushed color

114. Plants Belonging to the Nightshade Family:

• Example: *Datura metel*, *Solanum tuberosum*, *Lycium chinense*, *Capsicum frutexcens*

115. Mint Family:

• Characteristic: Irregular flowers and didynamous stamen. Aromatic plants with essential oils. Square herbaceous stem, opposite leaves.

116. Asteraceae:

• Characteristic: Have essential oil glands. Flowers have reduced calyx and often develop into pappus. Capitulum inflorescence. Small fruit.

117. Gourd Family:

• Characteristic: Creeping or climbing stems by tendrils. Often large berries. Parietal placentation. Has *Cucumis sativus*.

118. Basic Unit in Plant Classification:

• Unit: Species

119. Many Genera Closely Related to Form:

• Classification: Family

120. Class Schizomycetes:

• Division: Bacteria

121. Symbol P in Floral Formula:

• Used when: Sepals and petals are similar

122. Raceme:

• Characteristic: The inflorescence axis bears many pedicellate flowers

123. Phellogen:

• Function: Produces cork and phelloderm in the secondary structure of the stem

124. Vascular Bundle of Stem:

• Characteristic: Arrangement of the vascular system in a centrifugal direction

125. Taro and Potato:

• Stem type: Tuberous stem

126. Dicotyledonous Plants:

• Characteristic: Have secondary structure due to procambium

127. Dicotyledonous Leaf:

• Characteristic: Two distinct upper and lower surfaces

128. Characteristic Not Belonging to Flowers:

• Characteristic: Unlimited growth

129. Receptacle:

• Carries parts: Perianth, androecium, gynoecium

130. Main Parts of the Flower:

• Parts: Perianth, androecium, gynoecium

131. Bract:

• Location: Leaf bearing flower in the axil

132. Spathe:

• Characteristic: Large bract with color and encloses the entire inflorescence

133. Buttercup Family:

• Characteristic: Convex receptacle with a hollow shape

134. Calyx Transformed into Pappus:

• Function: Suitable for wind-dispersed fruits

135. Flower with Stamen:

• Name: Male flower

136. Didynamous Stamen:

• Characteristic: Flower has 4 stamens, 2 long stamens, and 2 short stamens

Note: This article is a compilation of basic information about medicinal plants. To learn more about specific medicinal plants, you should consult specialized materials.