Sulfonamides: Antibacterial Sulfa Drugs Sulfonamides: Antibacterial Sulfa Drugs 1. Introduction and History Sulfonamides are a group of synthetic antibacterial drugs, with a basic structure consisting of a sulfamido group (-SO2NH2) attached to an aromatic ring, usually a benzene ring. Prontosil (a red dye containing a sulfamido group) was discovered in 1935, becoming the first antibacterial…

Laryngeal Cancer: Basic Knowledge and Things to Note Laryngeal Cancer: Basic Knowledge and Things to Note 1. Introduction to the Larynx: Anatomy: The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract, situated between the pharynx and the trachea. Its primary functions include voice production, breathing, and protecting the respiratory tract. The larynx is divided into…

Introduction to Pharmacology Introduction to Pharmacology New Goals of Pharmacology? D. All of the above: A. Explain the concept of the relationship between genetics and medical pharmacology: Pharmacogenetics is the study of how genetic differences influence individual drug responses. Understanding genetics can help personalize treatments, optimize treatment effectiveness, and minimize side effects. B. Explain the…

Intracellular Accumulation and Extracellular Deposition Intracellular Accumulation and Extracellular Deposition I. Intracellular Accumulation 1. Definition: Intracellular accumulation refers to the buildup of normal or abnormal metabolic byproducts within the cytoplasm of cells. These byproducts can include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, water, pigments, and more. This accumulation disrupts cellular function, negatively affecting cell activity and potentially leading…

Management of Anesthesia in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) Management of Anesthesia in Patients with Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) I. Introduction Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a condition where the mitral valve leaflets do not close completely, leading to blood regurgitation from the left ventricle back into the left atrium during each heartbeat. This…

Chapter 8.1. Anatomical and Physiological Features of Digestion (P2) Chapter 8.1. Anatomical and Physiological Features of Digestion (P2) 1. Stomach Gastric pH: Breastfed infants: 2.8 – 3.8 (C) Older children: 1.5 – 2 (D) Gastric juice: Pepsin: Starts secreting from week 16 of gestation (C) Converts Protein into Albumose and Pepton (D) Optimal activity at…

Enzyme: Structure, Function, and Factors Affecting Activity Enzyme: Structure, Function, and Factors Affecting Activity Enzymes are biological catalysts that play a crucial role in facilitating chemical reactions within living organisms. They have the ability to accelerate the rate of reactions without being consumed in the process. 1. Structure of Enzymes: Simple enzymes: Consist solely of…

Analysis of Tràng in Kim Lân’s “The Wife Picked Up” Analysis of Tràng in Kim Lân’s “The Wife Picked Up” 1. Tràng’s Background: – Appearance: Tràng is a physically unattractive and clumsy man, described as “big and bulky like an old ox,” with an “excessively large head,” “a short face, a prominent nose, deep and…

Caryophyllales Order Caryophyllales Order Note: The information on morphological characteristics, floral formula, and representatives presented in this article are general characteristics of the families belonging to the Caryophyllales order. However, it is important to note that there are differences between families and even between species within the same family. Amaranthaceae Family (Amaranth Family) Morphological characteristics:…

Carbohydrates: Role, Metabolism and Related Diseases Carbohydrates: Role, Metabolism and Related Diseases Carbohydrates are one of the essential nutrient groups, playing a crucial role in the body as the primary energy source, forming structural components of cells and participating in complex biochemical processes. Carbohydrate Metabolism Carbohydrate Breakdown Process: Enzymes involved: Phosphorylase: Breaks down α-1,4 bonds…