Biology Content Review and Editing Biology Content Review and Editing: 1. Liver Fluke and Cattle: What is the relationship between liver flukes and cattle? Parasitism: Liver flukes are parasites that live in the livers of cattle, obtaining nutrients from the cattle’s body for their survival and growth. Note: Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms…

Biology Theory – Questions and Detailed Explanations Biology Theory – Questions and Detailed Explanations 1. Which of the following methods can create a new breed carrying the diploid chromosome set of two species? A. Mutation induction by 5BU and acridine. Incorrect. 5BU and acridine are gene mutagens, they do not create new breeds carrying diploid…

Bleeding in the First Trimester of Pregnancy Bleeding in the First Trimester of Pregnancy: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy is a common occurrence, often causing anxiety for expectant mothers. While not all bleeding is a cause for concern, it’s crucial to understand the potential underlying causes and seek…

Blood Gas Analysis and Acid-Base Balance Techniques & Osmotic Pressure Measurement of Biological Fluids Blood Gas Analysis and Acid-Base Balance Techniques & Osmotic Pressure Measurement of Biological Fluids 1. Blood Gas Analysis Technique: 1.1 Principle: Blood gas analysis relies on the principle of selective electrode operation (the potential difference between two electrodes). There are three…

Basal Cell Carcinoma Basal Cell Carcinoma: Introduction: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 75% of all skin cancer cases. BCC usually originates from the basal cells of the hair follicles. Causes: Sunlight: Exposure to sunlight, especially ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is the main risk factor for BCC.…

Basedow’s Disease: An Autoimmune Thyroid Disorder Basedow’s Disease: An Autoimmune Thyroid Disorder 1. Pathogenesis: Basedow’s disease, also known as Graves’ disease, is an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies against components of the thyroid gland, leading to increased thyroid activity. Autoimmunity: The body’s immune system attacks the thyroid gland, creating antibodies against thyroid…

Biochemical Mixtures: Buffer Systems, Analysis and Clinical Applications Biochemical Mixtures: Buffer Systems, Analysis and Clinical Applications 1. Buffer Systems in the Body The human body requires maintaining a stable internal environment, particularly the pH of blood. Normal blood pH fluctuates within a range of 7.35 – 7.45 mmol/L, regulated by buffer systems. Buffer systems consist…

Biology – Applications of Genetics Biology – Applications of Genetics 1. Selection based on combinatorial variation Combinatorial variation is the recombination of parental genes during sexual reproduction, creating offspring with genotypes and phenotypes different from their parents. Combinatorial variation is the main source of raw material for breeding. Applications: Creating purebreds: These are breeds with…

Anesthesia: A Comprehensive Overview Anesthesia: A Comprehensive Overview Introduction Anesthesia is an essential tool in medicine, allowing patients to undergo surgical procedures safely and comfortably. Understanding the various types of anesthetics, their mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and safe administration practices is crucial for anyone involved in the healthcare field. 1. Minimizing Anesthesia-Related Complications Premedication:…

Asthma: A Common Chronic Respiratory Disease Asthma: A Common Chronic Respiratory Disease Asthma is a chronic inflammatory respiratory disease characterized by airway narrowing, due to smooth muscle spasms, airway inflammation, and mucus production. The symptoms of asthma can vary widely from person to person and can be triggered by a variety of factors. 1. Symptoms…