Circulatory System of Children Circulatory System of Children: From Fetus to Adulthood 1. Fetal Circulation: Formation: Fetal circulation begins to form during the 4th week of pregnancy, with the emergence of the embryonic heart. Oxygen in umbilical venous blood: Approximately 80%, significantly higher than venous blood in adults. Mixed blood: Blood mixing occurs in several…

Clinical Renal Biochemistry Clinical Renal Biochemistry I. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) 1. Definition: The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of plasma filtered by the kidneys per unit of time (typically per minute). It reflects the functional capacity of the glomeruli, serving as a crucial marker for assessing kidney health. 2. Filtration Mechanism: Pharmacological…

Cold-Dispelling Medications Cold-Dispelling Medications Definition Cold-dispelling medications (or warming medications) are substances that have a warm or hot taste and properties. They are characterized by their ability to warm the interior, promote circulation, warm the meridians, relieve pain, and restore yang energy. Actions and Indications Warming and dispelling cold: Spleen and stomach deficiency-cold: Warm the…

Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Comprehensive Overview Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Comprehensive Overview Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a common respiratory illness characterized by inflammation of the alveoli and surrounding structures within the lungs. It can be caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. 1. Pathological Features: Alveolitis: The primary feature, with an…

Chest X-ray for Tuberculosis: Deciphering the Signs on the Film Chest X-ray for Tuberculosis: Deciphering the Signs on the Film Chest X-rays are a crucial imaging tool in the detection and monitoring of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the typical signs of TB on X-rays, how to analyze…

Chickenpox: Detailed Information and Precautions Chickenpox: Detailed Information and Precautions I. Overview Chickenpox is a contagious infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus, commonly found in children. It manifests as itchy, fluid-filled blisters on the skin. II. Age of Infection Peak age of infection: 6 months to 7 years old The disease can occur at any…

Chronic Periodontitis – Periodontal Destruction Chronic Periodontitis – Periodontal Destruction I. Chronic Periodontitis 1. Definition Chronic Periodontitis is a chronic bacterial infection that affects the supporting tissues of the teeth, including the gums, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone. It is the result of the accumulation of bacterial plaque and the body’s inflammatory response to these…

Circulation: A Comprehensive System of Questions and Answers Circulation: A Comprehensive System of Questions and Answers This article will provide a comprehensive and detailed understanding of the circulatory system, including questions and answers for each topic, along with important notes. 1. The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the entire heart because of which of…

Chapter 5: Protein Synthesis Chapter 5: Protein Synthesis 1. Structure of Protein Proteins are made up of amino acids (a.a) linked together by peptide bonds. A polypeptide chain is a long chain of a.a linked together in a specific order. Proteins can be made up of one or more polypeptide chains. a. Isomers of a.a:…

Characteristics of Maxillary Molars Characteristics of Maxillary Molars Maxillary molars are the teeth that play a crucial role in grinding food, especially hard foods. Here are some prominent features of this group of teeth: 1. Occlusal Surface: Largest on the dental arch: Maxillary molars are the largest teeth on the dental arch, which gives them…