Prohibited Acts in Public Budget Management Prohibited Acts in Public Budget Management Prohibited Acts in Public Budget Management Public budget management is a critical area directly impacting citizens’ lives and the country’s economic and social development. Transparent, efficient, and lawful management and utilization of public funds are crucial. The Public Budget Law clearly outlines prohibited…

Protein Metabolism Protein Metabolism Protein Metabolism # Protein in the body Proteins are large organic molecules made up of chains of amino acids (aa) linked together. The human body contains 20 different aa, each of which shares the -CO- and -NH- groups. # Types of protein in the body Protein exists in many different forms…

Principles of Health Education and Communication Principles of Health Education and Communication Principles of Health Education and Communication This article will outline the key principles of Health Education and Communication (HEC). Understanding and effectively applying these principles is crucial for the success of HEC activities, contributing to the improvement of community health. 1. Order of…

Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Children Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Children Primary Nephrotic Syndrome in Children Definition: Primary nephrotic syndrome in children (PNSC) is a group of symptoms that manifest nephrotic syndrome, the majority of which are idiopathic (90%). The main damage occurs in the glomerulus. Diagnostic Criteria: PNSC is diagnosed based on biological-clinical criteria: Massive…

Population Genetics Population Genetics Gene pool: refers to the collection of all alleles of all genes present in a population at a specific time. Differences: The gene pool of the same population can change over time due to factors like mutations, gene flow, non-random mating, natural selection, etc. Gene pools of different populations can differ…

Practical Content of Single-celled Organisms Practical Content of Single-celled Organisms Practical Content of Single-celled Organisms # Characteristics of single-celled organisms Active form: E.histolytica: The active form of E.histolytica is irregular in shape, having pseudopods that help it move and ingest red blood cells. E.coli: The active form of E.coli is rod-shaped and moves using flagella.…

Pneumonia: Overview & Treatment Pneumonia: Overview & Treatment Pneumonia: Overview & Treatment Definition: Pneumonia is an infection of the lung parenchyma, causing increased secretion of fluid in the alveoli, leading to lung parenchyma consolidation. Classification: Based on Anatomical Lesions: Lobar pneumonia: Inflammation of a single lobe, going through three stages: congestion, red hepatization, gray hepatization.…

Pneumothorax: An Overview of Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Pneumothorax: An Overview of Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Pneumothorax: An Overview of Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Pneumothorax is a condition where air accumulates in the space between the lung and the chest wall (pleural space), putting pressure on the lung and affecting breathing. It can occur suddenly…

Placenta Previa: What You Need to Know Placenta Previa: What You Need to Know Placenta Previa: What You Need to Know Placenta previa is a dangerous complication during pregnancy that can cause severe bleeding in the mother and affect the health of the fetus. 1. Symptoms and Diagnosis Typical Symptoms: Bright red vaginal bleeding, which…

Pleural Effusion Pleural Effusion Pleural Effusion Pleural effusion is a condition where fluid accumulates in the pleural space, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular symptoms. Symptoms: Functional symptoms: Small effusion: Pleuritic chest pain, increased with coughing, sneezing, and deep breaths. Moderate effusion: Mild shortness of breath, lying on the side of the effusion. Large effusion: Significant…