Respiratory System Embryology Review Respiratory System Embryology Review Respiratory System Embryology Review I. Structure The respiratory system is divided into two main parts: Lungs: The main organs of the respiratory system, where gas exchange takes place. Airways: Structures that conduct air from the nose to the lungs, including the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, and…
Respiratory Pathophysiology Respiratory Pathophysiology Respiratory Pathophysiology 1. Overview of the Respiratory System The respiratory system consists of: Thorax: Protects the respiratory organs inside. Airways – Lungs: Responsible for conducting air and gas exchange. Vascular system: Supplies blood to respiratory organs. 2. Thorax Structure The thorax includes: Bones: Spine, ribs, sternum. Muscles: Inpiratory muscles: Diaphragm, external…
Respiratory Physiology Respiratory Physiology Respiratory Physiology 1. Respiratory System: The respiratory system consists of: Airways: Upper airways: Nose, pharynx, larynx Lower airways: Trachea, bronchial tree Lungs Thoracic cage Respiratory muscles 2. Functions of the Airways: Air conduction Protection: Prevents entry of large dust particles (> 5um) with the help of nasal hairs and mucus Warming…
Renal Pathology Renal Pathology Glomerulonephritis: Membranous Glomerulonephritis: The glomerular basement membrane is diffusely thickened. Immune complexes are present on the outer aspect of the basement membrane beneath the podocytes. Late stages show diffuse glomerular basement membrane thickening. Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis: Common in children aged 6-10 years. Microscopic features: enlarged glomeruli, diffuse mesangial cell proliferation, endothelial cell…
Renal Physiology: A Comprehensive Overview Renal Physiology: A Comprehensive Overview Renal Physiology: A Comprehensive Overview This article will provide a concise summary of fundamental knowledge regarding renal physiology, covering its structure, function, and factors affecting renal activity. 1. Renal Structure: Nephron: The functional unit of the kidney, consisting of the renal corpuscle and renal tubule…
Respiration in Plants Respiration in Plants 1. Concept: Respiration is the biological oxidation process driven by enzymes, occurring in all organs of a plant’s body. 2. Raw Materials and Products of Respiration: Raw materials: CO2 and H2O. Products: Energy: A portion is stored in ATP. The remaining portion is released as heat to maintain a…
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient Care Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient Care Diagnosis: Based on direct sputum smear for AFB (Acid Fast Bacillus). Complications: Respiratory: Hemoptysis, pneumothorax, chronic respiratory failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), acute tuberculosis, extrapulmonary tuberculosis, lung superinfection, atelectasis, pulmonary embolism. Other: Fibrosis, calcification, pleural fibrosis, bronchiectasis. Assessment: Systemic: Fatigue, rapid weight loss, evening fever, night…
Quinolones: Exploring the Mechanism of Action and Generations Quinolones: Exploring the Mechanism of Action and Generations Quinolones: Exploring the Mechanism of Action and Generations Quinolones are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat various infections. This group was developed based on the basic structure of Nalidixic acid, the first drug discovered within the Quinolone…
Pulmonary Tuberculosis – Overview and Key Points Pulmonary Tuberculosis – Overview and Key Points Pulmonary Tuberculosis – Overview and Key Points I. Types of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Acute Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Rare, includes: Miliary tuberculosis Primary pulmonary tuberculosis Tuberculous pleurisy Initial Stage of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Systemic: Fever, fatigue, headache Functional: Persistent cough with phlegm > 2 weeks,…
Protozoology Protozoology Protozoology 1. Structure of Protozoa Nucleus and cytoplasm: These are the two basic components of a protozoan cell. Size: Most protozoa are less than 50 micrometers in size. 2. Two Forms of Protozoa Cyst form: This is the inactive form, with a thick wall, that can survive for a long time in the…