Antibiotics: Basic Knowledge and Additional Information Antibiotics: Basic Knowledge and Additional Information Antibiotics are substances produced by microorganisms or are semi-synthetic, synthetic chemical substances that, at very low concentrations, have the ability to specifically inhibit or kill microorganisms. Note: Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. Incorrect use of antibiotics can lead to drug resistance, more…
Biochemical Investigation of Kidney Function Biochemical Investigation of Kidney Function The kidneys play a crucial role in maintaining the body’s internal environment, regulating the balance of water, electrolytes, and eliminating waste products. Biochemical tests help assess kidney function by analyzing indicators related to the filtration, reabsorption, and excretion processes of the kidneys. I. Indicators for…
Biochemical Practice Session 6: Bilirubin Quantification and SGOT, SGPT Enzyme Activity Determination Biochemical Practice Session 6: Bilirubin Quantification and SGOT, SGPT Enzyme Activity Determination I. Bilirubin Quantification 1. Principle: Based on the diazotization reaction of bilirubin with sulfanilic acid diazo to form a pink-colored azobilirubin compound. The intensity of the pink color of azobilirubin is…
Carbohydrate Chemistry: Concepts, Structure, Properties, and Functions Carbohydrate Chemistry: Concepts, Structure, Properties, and Functions 1. Concept: Carbohydrates, also known as saccharides, are a vital class of organic compounds that play a major role in providing energy for living organisms. They are found in all living organisms and exist in a variety of forms. 2. Structure:…
**Pharmacology: Lesson 14: Peptide Antibiotics** **Pharmacology: Lesson 14: Peptide Antibiotics** 1. Introduction Peptide antibiotics are a group of antibiotics whose structure consists of polypeptide or glycopeptide chains that act on bacteria by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. This group includes two main subgroups: Polypeptide group: Includes Bacitracin and Polymyxins. Glycopeptide group: Includes Vancomycin and Teicoplanin. 2.…
**Pharmacology: Lesson 6: Quinolone Antibacterial Drugs** **Pharmacology: Lesson 6: Quinolone Antibacterial Drugs** 1. Potent Effects of Quinolones: Strong Effect on Aerobic Gram-Negative Bacteria: Quinolones are highly effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacteria, including E. coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella, Shigella, and many others. 2. Mechanism of Action of Quinolone Drugs: Inhibition of DNA Gyrase: Quinolones are…
Skin Diseases and Their Oral Manifestations: A Comprehensive Overview Skin Diseases and Their Oral Manifestations: A Comprehensive Overview This article provides detailed information about skin diseases and their oral manifestations, helping you gain a better understanding of these conditions and appropriate management strategies. Important Note: This article is for informational purposes only and should not…
The Lymphatic System: Structure, Function, and Considerations The Lymphatic System: Structure, Function, and Considerations The lymphatic system is an integral part of the immune system, acting as a critical defense mechanism against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and more. It consists of lymphatic organs and lymphatic cells, all working in concert to generate immune…
**Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Lesson 25: Contrast Agents** **Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Lesson 25: Contrast Agents** 1. Introduction to Contrast Agents Contrast agents are compounds used in diagnostic imaging techniques to increase the contrast between different tissues and organs in the body. They absorb X-rays more than surrounding tissues, resulting in clearer images and easier differentiation of anatomical structures.…