Radiopharmaceuticals: Lesson 23: Radiopharmaceuticals Radiopharmaceuticals: Lesson 23: Radiopharmaceuticals 1. Introduction to Radiopharmaceuticals: Radiopharmaceuticals are chemical compounds that are labeled with a radioactive isotope, allowing for the tracking and imaging of biological processes within the body. They are widely used in medicine, particularly in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. 2. 18F-flourodesoxyglucose (18FDG): Use: 18FDG is…
**Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Lesson 25: Contrast Agents** **Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Lesson 25: Contrast Agents** 1. Introduction to Contrast Agents Contrast agents are compounds used in diagnostic imaging techniques to increase the contrast between different tissues and organs in the body. They absorb X-rays more than surrounding tissues, resulting in clearer images and easier differentiation of anatomical structures.…
**Antifungal Drugs: Chapter 15** **Antifungal Drugs: Chapter 15** I. Overview Fungi are organisms capable of causing diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Fungal infections can occur in various organs and body systems, from skin and mucous membranes to internal organs. Antifungal drugs are used to treat fungal infections. II. Classification of Antifungal Drugs Antifungal drugs…
Pharmacology: Chapter 13: Tetracycline Antibiotics Pharmacology: Chapter 13: Tetracycline Antibiotics I. Mechanism of Antibacterial Action: Tetracycline: Mechanism: Bacteriostatic, acting on bacterial ribosomes, binding to the 30S subunit, preventing tRNA from binding to mRNA, inhibiting protein synthesis. Efficacy: Highly effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. II. Classification: Natural Tetracycline: Tetracycline Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline Demeclocycline Synthetic Tetracycline:…
**Pharmacology: Lesson 17: Antimalarial Drugs** **Pharmacology: Lesson 17: Antimalarial Drugs** I. Introduction Malaria is a dangerous infectious disease caused by the *Plasmodium* parasite, transmitted through the *Anopheles* mosquito. It can be fatal if not treated promptly. II. Types of Antimalarial Drugs 1. Classification based on the Plasmodium life cycle stage: Sporontocidal drugs: Prevent or inhibit…
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY: Lesson 5: Anti-tuberculosis and Anti-Leprosy Drugs PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY: Lesson 5: Anti-tuberculosis and Anti-Leprosy Drugs I. Anti-tuberculosis Drugs 1. Mechanism of Action of Pyrazinamide (PZA) Main Mechanism: Metabolized by pyrazinamidase (from bacteria) into pyrazinoic acid (POA). POA lowers the pH within macrophages, creating an unfavorable environment for bacteria. Most effective against intracellular tuberculosis bacilli…
Oropharyngeal and Laryngeal Syndromes Oropharyngeal and Laryngeal Syndromes Oropharyngeal and laryngeal syndromes encompass a collection of symptoms related to the function of the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), impacting fundamental activities like swallowing, breathing, and speaking. 1. Oropharyngeal and Laryngeal Dysfunctions: a) Swallowing Disorders (Dysphagia): Painful Swallowing (Odynophagia): Causes: Infections: Acute tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess,…
Malaria – Basic Knowledge about Antimalarial Drugs Malaria – Basic Knowledge about Antimalarial Drugs Malaria is an infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, transmitted through the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria treatment primarily relies on using antimalarial drugs. Below is some basic knowledge about antimalarial drugs, based on the questions you provided: I. Antimalarial Drugs:…
**Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Lesson 21: Antiseptics** **Pharmaceutical Chemistry: Lesson 21: Antiseptics** I. Definition: Antiseptics are chemical substances that have the ability to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microorganisms on surfaces, instruments, or the human body. II. Mechanism of Action of Antiseptics: On the cytoplasm: Cause leakage of small molecules like…
Introduction to Maxillofacial Infections Introduction to Maxillofacial Infections I. Definition Maxillofacial infection is a bacterial infection that occurs in the maxillofacial region, often a consequence of dental pathologies, but can also be caused by other factors. II. Characteristics – Urgency: Maxillofacial infections usually progress rapidly, causing pain and significantly affecting health, even threatening life. –…