An Overview of Liver and Biliary Diseases An Overview of Liver and Biliary Diseases Liver and biliary diseases are a broad term that encompasses conditions affecting the liver and bile ducts, including: 1. Cholestasis: Primary cholestasis: Cause: An autoimmune disorder where the body attacks the epithelial cells of small bile ducts, leading to damage, fibrosis,…

Malnutrition in Children: Causes, Classification, Symptoms, and Treatment Malnutrition in Children: Causes, Classification, Symptoms, and Treatment 1. Definition: Malnutrition is a condition in which the body lacks sufficient energy and essential nutrients, leading to stunted physical and intellectual development and impaired health. This is a serious public health issue, particularly among children, resulting in long-term…

Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding a Man-Made Environment Agricultural Ecosystems: Understanding a Man-Made Environment Agricultural ecosystems are artificial environments created by humans for the purpose of producing food and other agricultural products. They are distinct from natural ecosystems, but they share many of the same fundamental ecological principles. 1. Key Components: Biotic Components: The living organisms within…

Preventing Extinction: Protecting Biodiversity Preventing Extinction: Protecting Biodiversity 1. Characteristics of a Community: a) Composition and Distribution: Species composition: Communities are composed of various species, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. Distribution: Each species occupies a specific area within the community, creating stratification and compartmentalization in space. Note: Species composition and distribution are influenced by…

Acute Heart Failure in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Classification, and Treatment Acute Heart Failure in Children: Causes, Symptoms, Classification, and Treatment Acute heart failure is a serious condition that occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. In children, acute heart failure can be caused by a variety of…

Biology Outline 2: Analysis and Additional Knowledge Biology Outline 2: Analysis and Additional Knowledge 1. Population Characteristics: General characteristics: Common: Populations often have numerous individuals. Wide distribution: Populations have a large distribution range. Large size: The number of individuals in a population is significant. Notes: Not all populations possess all three characteristics. Some populations may…

**Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) – In-depth Knowledge** **Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) – In-depth Knowledge** 1. Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Calculation: GFR is the amount of blood filtered by the glomeruli per minute, reflecting the function of the kidneys. Cockcroft-Gault Formula: GFR (ml/min) = (140 – age) x weight (kg) / (72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)) x 0.85…

Cell Signaling: The Bridge Between Environment and Cell Cell Signaling: The Bridge Between Environment and Cell Cell signaling is a complex process by which cells perceive and respond to stimuli from their external environment. It plays a critical role in regulating all aspects of cellular life, from maintaining homeostasis and growth to differentiation and death.…

Depression: Understanding It Better to Overcome It Depression: Understanding It Better to Overcome It Depression is a common mental illness that affects a person’s mood, thoughts, and behavior. To understand depression better, it’s important to distinguish between mood and emotions: Mood: Mood is a sustained, pervasive emotional state that colors a person’s overall feelings. A…