Abdominal Trauma: A Comprehensive Guide and Considerations Abdominal Trauma: A Comprehensive Guide and Considerations 1. Introduction Abdominal trauma is a dangerous condition that can be life-threatening. Timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial to minimize complications and mortality. This article provides detailed information on abdominal trauma examination, including causes, mechanisms, injury characteristics, examination process, imaging diagnostics,…

Regulation of Body Fluid Mechanism & Endocrine System Regulation of Body Fluid Mechanism & Endocrine System 1. Regulation of Body Fluid Mechanism: Body Fluids: All the water in the body, including intracellular fluid (within cells) and extracellular fluid (outside cells). Characteristics and Properties of Body Fluid: Concentration: The amount of solute dissolved in a given…

Dapsone: A Drug for Leprosy Treatment Dapsone: A Drug for Leprosy Treatment I. Mechanism of Action of Dapsone: A. PABA Analogue -> Competitive Inhibition: Dapsone structurally resembles para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a crucial component for folic acid synthesis in bacteria. Dapsone competes with PABA, blocking the bacterial use of PABA for folic acid production, thus inhibiting…

Skin Aging: Understanding the Process and Skincare Strategies Skin Aging: Understanding the Process and Skincare Strategies Skin aging is a natural and inevitable process that unfolds over time. However, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the causes and signs of aging can empower you to proactively protect your skin and preserve its youthful radiance. 1. Age-Related…

Cardiac Arrest and Respiratory Arrest Cardiac Arrest and Respiratory Arrest 1. Introduction Cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest are life-threatening conditions that occur when the heart stops beating and the brain ceases to receive oxygen. This leads to loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and death if not addressed promptly. 2. Causes Cardiac arrest and respiratory…

Medications for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Blood Glucose Lowering Medications for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Blood Glucose Lowering This article will provide detailed information on different types of diabetes medications, focusing on their pharmacologic effects, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and drug interactions. I. Classes of Medications for DM 1. Insulin: a. Pharmacologic Effect: –…

Sulfonamide and TMP-SMZ Antibiotics Sulfonamide and TMP-SMZ Antibiotics 1. Main mechanism of action of the antibiotics: Inhibition of folic acid synthesis: This is the main mechanism of sulfonamides and TMP-SMZ. Bacteria use para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to synthesize dihydrofolic acid, the precursor of tetrahydrofolic acid, a coenzyme essential for the synthesis of purine, pyrimidine, and DNA.…

Pathology: Knowledge Summary and Notes Pathology: Knowledge Summary and Notes Note: This article is only a summary and provides general information. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a doctor or healthcare professional before making any decisions related to your health. 1. Drug-induced lung injury Risk factors: Age > 60…

The Upper Limb: Nerves, Arteries, and Veins – Structure and Function The Upper Limb: Nerves, Arteries, and Veins – Structure and Function This article will provide an overview of the nervous, arterial, and venous systems of the upper limb, covering their structures, functions, and important considerations. I. Nervous System of the Upper Limb 1. Radial…

Lesson 1: Genes, the Genetic Code, DNA Replication Lesson 1: Genes, the Genetic Code, DNA Replication I. Genes Definition: A gene is a segment of DNA that carries the coded information for a specific polypeptide or an RNA molecule. Function: Genes play a crucial role in: Storing genetic information: Genes contain the genetic code that…