Emergency – Knowledge You Need to Know and Things to Keep in Mind Emergency – Knowledge You Need to Know and Things to Keep in Mind This article will provide basic knowledge about first aid in some common situations, including drowning, snakebites, poisoning, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia. Please note that this is general information only and…

Regulation of Body Fluid Mechanism & Endocrine System Regulation of Body Fluid Mechanism & Endocrine System 1. Regulation of Body Fluid Mechanism: Body Fluids: All the water in the body, including intracellular fluid (within cells) and extracellular fluid (outside cells). Characteristics and Properties of Body Fluid: Concentration: The amount of solute dissolved in a given…

Dapsone: A Drug for Leprosy Treatment Dapsone: A Drug for Leprosy Treatment I. Mechanism of Action of Dapsone: A. PABA Analogue -> Competitive Inhibition: Dapsone structurally resembles para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a crucial component for folic acid synthesis in bacteria. Dapsone competes with PABA, blocking the bacterial use of PABA for folic acid production, thus inhibiting…

Skin Aging: Understanding the Process and Skincare Strategies Skin Aging: Understanding the Process and Skincare Strategies Skin aging is a natural and inevitable process that unfolds over time. However, gaining a comprehensive understanding of the causes and signs of aging can empower you to proactively protect your skin and preserve its youthful radiance. 1. Age-Related…

Cardiac Arrest and Respiratory Arrest Cardiac Arrest and Respiratory Arrest 1. Introduction Cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest are life-threatening conditions that occur when the heart stops beating and the brain ceases to receive oxygen. This leads to loss of consciousness, cessation of breathing, and death if not addressed promptly. 2. Causes Cardiac arrest and respiratory…

Medications for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Blood Glucose Lowering Medications for Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Blood Glucose Lowering This article will provide detailed information on different types of diabetes medications, focusing on their pharmacologic effects, pharmacokinetics, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, and drug interactions. I. Classes of Medications for DM 1. Insulin: a. Pharmacologic Effect: –…

Sulfonamide and TMP-SMZ Antibiotics Sulfonamide and TMP-SMZ Antibiotics 1. Main mechanism of action of the antibiotics: Inhibition of folic acid synthesis: This is the main mechanism of sulfonamides and TMP-SMZ. Bacteria use para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to synthesize dihydrofolic acid, the precursor of tetrahydrofolic acid, a coenzyme essential for the synthesis of purine, pyrimidine, and DNA.…

Pathology: Knowledge Summary and Notes Pathology: Knowledge Summary and Notes Note: This article is only a summary and provides general information. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult with a doctor or healthcare professional before making any decisions related to your health. 1. Drug-induced lung injury Risk factors: Age > 60…

Advanced Viruses: Interactions, Recombination, and Transmission Advanced Viruses: Interactions, Recombination, and Transmission 1. Virus Interactions Viruses can interact with each other in various ways, leading to changes in their genetics and phenotypes. Here are some major forms of interactions: a. Recombination: Concept: Recombination occurs when two genetically related viruses infect a single cell. Their genetic…

BIOCHEMISTRY: INFORMATION ON CARBOHYDRATES BIOCHEMISTRY: INFORMATION ON CARBOHYDRATES 1. Glucose: Structure: Glucose exists in 3 forms: Linear form: An open chain, linear structure. Cyclic form: A 6-membered (pyranose) or 5-membered (furanose) ring. This is the most common form in solution. Chair form: A conformational change of the cyclic form, providing stability to the molecular structure.…