Chapter 22: Nutrition, Metabolism and Energy in Microorganisms Chapter 22: Nutrition, Metabolism and Energy in Microorganisms What are microorganisms? Microorganisms are tiny organisms that can only be seen under a microscope. Most of them are single-celled prokaryotes or eukaryotes, but a small portion are aggregates of single cells. What are living organisms made of? Living…
Malaria Treatment Medications Malaria Treatment Medications Malaria is an infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite, transmitted through Anopheles mosquitoes. Currently, numerous medications are employed to treat malaria, each exhibiting distinct mechanisms of action, advantages, disadvantages, and indications. 1. 4-Amino-quinoline Group: Chloroquine: Action: Eliminates asexual forms within red blood cells of Plasmodium species (except P.…
Heart Failure: An Overview Heart Failure: An Overview Heart failure is a complex syndrome that occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. The main cause is a decline in the contractile function of the left ventricle and neurohormonal dysregulation, leading to a loss of exercise capacity. Types of Heart…
Six Evils Pathogenesis Six Evils Pathogenesis Six Evils Pathogenesis is a theoretical framework in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used to classify illnesses based on their causative factors. The six main pathogenic factors are: Wind, Cold, Summer Heat, Dampness, Dryness, and Fire. Each pathogenic factor has unique characteristics in terms of nature, path, and influence on…
Rectal Cancer (RC) Rectal Cancer (RC) A. Diagnosis Male/female ratio: 1.5 Age: Rare before 40, common after 70. Most common age is 40-45, increasing to 75, then decreasing. Diagnosis: Performed when symptoms are present or in high-risk groups. 1. Mild bowel disturbances Mucus in stool Rapidly worsening constipation Feeling of urge to defecate and rectal…
Body Temperature Physiology Body Temperature Physiology 1. Body Temperature: Highest temperature: Liver Lowest temperature: Skin Core body temperature: Temperature in deep tissues. Measured rectally, orally, axially (most stable in rectum: 36.3 – 37.1°C, oral temperature is 0.2-0.5° lower, axillary is 0.5-1° lower). Peripheral body temperature: Temperature measured in the skin and limbs. 2. Sources of…
Infectious Diseases and Epidemics: Infectious Diseases and Epidemics: 1. Foodborne Diseases: Respiratory infections, waterborne diseases (like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever) can be transmitted through food. Airborne infections, soil-borne parasitic diseases, and skin infections can also spread through food. Diseases contracted from consuming meat, eggs, or milk from sick animals can also be transmitted through…
Basic Cardiovascular Physiology Basic Cardiovascular Physiology 1. Blood Pressure: Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): The average blood pressure generated during a cardiac cycle. MAP Calculation: MAP = Diastolic pressure + (Systolic pressure – Diastolic pressure)/3 Age-related changes: MAP is lowest in children and higher in elderly people. Role: Force that propels blood through the circulatory system,…
Pathophysiology 1: Overview Pathophysiology 1: Overview Heart failure is a condition in which the heart cannot pump blood as effectively as it should, resulting in a reduced amount of blood being supplied to the organs in the body. Causes of heart failure: Heart failure due to volume overload: Left heart failure: Excessive blood return to…
Finding Medical Literature and Endnote Finding Medical Literature and Endnote I. Searching for Medical Literature 1. PubMed True Statement: Literature on PubMed is free. PubMed is a free, regularly updated medical database providing references to research articles published in many reputable medical journals. PubMed primarily uses English as its main language. 2. Medline True Statement:…