**Analytical Epidemiology Studies** **Analytical Epidemiology Studies** Concept Analytical epidemiology studies (AES) are a type of research aimed at identifying the relationship between risk factors (RF) and diseases. The main characteristic of AES is that there is always a comparison group to compare the disease incidence between groups. Applications AES provides scientific basis for disease prevention,…
Theory of Oscillation and Waves Theory of Oscillation and Waves String tension: Depends on: Mass and position of the weight. Maximum tension: At the equilibrium position (EP). Minimum tension: At the amplitude. Sound: Musical sound: Has a sound wave graph that is a periodic function with a defined frequency. Three-phase asynchronous motor: Rotor: Rotates at…
Muscle Relaxants: Mechanism of Action and Applications Muscle Relaxants: Mechanism of Action and Applications I. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents 1. General Mechanism: Neuromuscular blocking agents: act directly on the neuromuscular junction, where nerve signals are received to activate muscle contraction. Classification: Depolarizing agents: Bind to receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing excessive depolarization, which paralyzes the…
Mental Health – Alcohol Addiction Mental Health – Alcohol Addiction Alcohol addiction is a chronic disease characterized by an urge to consume alcohol, the loss of control when drinking, and the continuation of alcohol consumption despite negative consequences. Alcohol abuse refers to cases where individuals intentionally or unintentionally harm their health. Signs of alcohol consumption…
Alcohol Addiction vs. Alcohol Abuse: The Difference Alcohol Addiction vs. Alcohol Abuse: The Difference Alcohol addiction is a chronic disease characterized by an intense craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, and continued use of alcohol despite negative consequences that follow drinking. Alcohol abuse, on the other hand, encompasses situations where individuals unintentionally or…
Topical Medications Topical Medications 1. Composition: Topical medications have two basic components: Active ingredient: It has therapeutic effects. Excipient: It does not have therapeutic effects, but it helps to deliver the active ingredient into the skin. 2. Excipients: Some common types of excipients: Water Alcohol Vaseline Lanolin Glycerin Powder Effects of excipients: Help the medication…
The Photoelectric Effect and the Quantum Theory of Light The Photoelectric Effect and the Quantum Theory of Light 1. Hertz’s Experiment on the Photoelectric Effect Hertz’s experiment demonstrated the photoelectric effect. In this experiment, a negatively charged zinc plate was attached to the rod of an electroscope. When a beam of light from an arc…
Basic Skin Lesions in Dermatology Basic Skin Lesions in Dermatology I. Primary Basic Lesions 1. Skin Color Changes Patch: Flat on the skin, no infiltration. Red Patch: Pink or red, fades when pressed. Flat with the skin. Cause: Vasodilation due to inflammation. Clinical forms: Measles-like, roseola (secondary syphilis), erythema, generalized erythema. Vascular Patch: Vasodilation in…
Drugs Acting on Blood Coagulation: Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics Drugs Acting on Blood Coagulation: Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics 1. Blood Coagulation Process: When bleeding occurs, the body responds by: Vasoconstriction: Reducing blood flow. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets adhere to the wound, forming a temporary seal. Fibrin Formation: Fibrin strands connect to the platelet plug, creating a stable…
Digestive System Digestive System 1. Definition: The digestive system is a system of organs responsible for digesting food, absorbing nutrients, and eliminating waste products. The digestive system includes: Digestive tract: A long tube from the mouth to the anus. It includes: Mouth and its associated structures: lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands. Pharynx: Connects the mouth…