Gene Regulation – Mechanisms Controlling Gene Expression Gene Regulation – Mechanisms Controlling Gene Expression Gene Regulation – Mechanisms Controlling Gene Expression 1. What is Gene Regulation? Gene regulation is the process of controlling the amount of gene products produced in a cell. In other words, it’s how cells adjust the activity of their genes, ultimately…

General Anatomy of the Respiratory System – Module S1.5 General Anatomy of the Respiratory System – Module S1.5 General Anatomy of the Respiratory System – Module S1.5 The respiratory system is a complex system that includes organs that help the body exchange gases, specifically to absorb oxygen and expel carbon dioxide. The respiratory system consists…

Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology Structure: The gastrointestinal tract is composed of 4 layers: Mucosa: The innermost layer, responsible for nutrient absorption and secreting mucus to protect the mucosa. Submucosa: Contains a network of capillaries that nourish the mucosa and transport substances. Smooth muscle: Responsible for mixing and moving food. Serosa: The outermost layer,…

Gastrointestinal Bleeding – From Causes to Treatment Gastrointestinal Bleeding – From Causes to Treatment Gastrointestinal Bleeding – From Causes to Treatment Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a condition where blood leaks from blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as vomiting blood or passing blood in stools. It’s a medical/surgical emergency that requires prompt management. #…

Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment 1. Introduction: Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a condition where blood leaks from blood vessels in the gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as vomiting blood or passing blood in stool. This is a medical/surgical emergency requiring prompt management to prevent…

Fungi: A Diverse World with Potential Risks Fungi: A Diverse World with Potential Risks Fungi: A Diverse World with Potential Risks Fungi are a diverse group of organisms encompassing parasitic, saprophytic, and symbiotic fungi. They are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular, lacking chlorophyll and therefore needing to absorb organic matter from their…

Gallstones: Causes, Complications and Treatment Gallstones: Causes, Complications and Treatment Gallstones: Causes, Complications and Treatment Gallstones are a condition where stones form in the bile duct system, including: Gallbladder stones: Stones located in the gallbladder Biliary tract stones: Stones in the liver and the bile ducts outside the liver (common hepatic duct, common bile duct).…

Fluid Therapy: Overview and Types Fluid Therapy: Overview and Types Fluid Therapy: Overview and Types 1. Fluid Composition: Extracellular: primarily Na and Cl Intracellular: primarily K Infusion fluids: can move across cell membranes: Blood – interstitial – intracellular: water, urea Blood – interstitial: glucose Blood: protein 2. Types of Infusion Fluids: Fluid and electrolyte replacement:…

Functional Foods: Basic Knowledge and Applications Functional Foods: Basic Knowledge and Applications Functional Foods: Basic Knowledge and Applications This article provides basic information about functional foods, health, and the factors that influence them. 1. Concept of Functional Foods: The term “functional food” was first used in Japan. 2. Advantages of Globalization in Food Consumption: Globalization…

Fundamentals of Anatomy Fundamentals of Anatomy Fundamentals of Anatomy 1. Definition: Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body. 2. Classification of Anatomy: Anatomy can be classified according to the following criteria: Method and Level: Gross Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body using the naked eye, without the need…