Drug Allergy: Causes, Classification, Symptoms and Treatment Drug Allergy: Causes, Classification, Symptoms and Treatment Drug Allergy: Causes, Classification, Symptoms and Treatment Drug allergy is an adverse drug reaction (ADR) that occurs through the body’s immune system. It is a type B ADR, meaning it is not dose-related. # Mechanism of Drug Allergy: Drug allergy occurs…

Eight Principles: Concept and Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine Eight Principles: Concept and Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine Eight Principles: Concept and Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine The Eight Principles are one of the fundamental theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), playing a crucial role in disease diagnosis and treatment. The Eight Principles consist of…

Diuretics: Mechanism of Action and Applications Diuretics: Mechanism of Action and Applications Diuretics: Mechanism of Action and Applications I. Diuretics Diuretics are a group of medications that act on the kidneys to increase urine output, helping to treat medical conditions related to fluid and salt retention in the body such as edema, hypertension, and heart…

Dispersed Systems: Concepts and Applications Dispersed Systems: Concepts and Applications Dispersed Systems: Concepts and Applications A dispersed system is a system composed of multiple phases dispersed in a dispersion medium. The dispersed particles (DPs) have sizes smaller than 1 micrometer, creating a large specific surface area that influences the system’s properties. # 1. Basic Concepts…

Digestive System Digestive System Digestive System Stomach Location: Located in the epigastric region, slightly shifted to the left. Relations: Anterior: Anterior abdominal wall, liver. Posterior: Pancreas, duodenum. Divisions: 1. Cardia: Includes the cardiac notch + cardiac orifice. 2. Fundus. 3. Body. 4. Pyloric antrum: Site of HCl secretion. 5. Pyloric orifice: Formed by the pyloric…

Disinfection: Types and Mechanisms of Action Disinfection: Types and Mechanisms of Action Disinfection is the process of killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other disease-causing organisms. Here are some common disinfectants and their mechanisms of action: 1. Boric Acid: – Applications: Eye wash, treatment of fungal infections such as Candida infections.…

Digestion in the Small Intestine Digestion in the Small Intestine Digestion in the Small Intestine The small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. This process involves the contributions of digestive juices, enzymes, and the transport of nutrients across the intestinal wall. 1. Digestive Juices in the Small Intestine: Pancreatic Juice:…

Digestive Physiology: Things to Keep in Mind Digestive Physiology: Things to Keep in Mind 1. Does High Gastric Acid Secretion (GAS) Cause Increased Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)? When GAS is high, hydrochloric acid (HCl) in the stomach reacts with hemoglobin in the blood, forming hematin and ammonia (NH3). NH3 is absorbed into the circulatory system…

Diabetes Medications: Classification and Mechanism of Action Diabetes Medications: Classification and Mechanism of Action Diabetes Medications: Classification and Mechanism of Action This article will provide a brief overview of the common diabetes medications, classifying them by group and mechanism of action. 1. Sulfonylurea (SU) drugs: Group 1: Tolbutamide, tolazamide, acetohexamide, chloropamid. Group 2: Glyburide, glipizide,…

Diabetic Hyperglycemic Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) Diabetic Hyperglycemic Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) Diabetic Hyperglycemic Emergencies: Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS) 1. Introduction Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are two dangerous acute complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) that can lead…