Fundamentals of Anatomy

Fundamentals of Anatomy

1. Definition:

Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body.

2. Classification of Anatomy:

Anatomy can be classified according to the following criteria:

• Method and Level:

• Gross Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body using the naked eye, without the need for any aids.

• Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): The study of the structure of cells and tissues under a microscope.

• Object and Scope of Study:

• Plant Anatomy: The study of the structure of plants.

• Animal Anatomy: The study of the structure of animals.

• Human Anatomy: The study of the structure of the normal human body.

• Pathological Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body when it is diseased.

• Purpose of Study:

• Anthropometric Anatomy: The study of the size and shape of the human body.

• Artistic Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body for the purpose of art.

• Applied Anatomy: The study of the structure of the human body in relation to activities in life.

3. Means and Methods of Anatomical Description:

There are 8 means and methods of anatomical description:

• Systematic Anatomy: Describing the structure of each organ system separately.

• Regional Anatomy: The study and description of the anatomy of all the structures belonging to different organ systems in a specific region, particularly the relationship between them.

• Surface Anatomy: Describing the shape of the body surface, especially the relationship of the body surface to deeper structures like bones and muscles.

• Clinical Anatomy: Emphasizing the practical application of anatomy in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.

• Functional Anatomy: Combining the description of structure with the function of the organs.

• Developmental Anatomy: The study and description of the growth and development of the body.

• Radiological Anatomy: Using X-rays to study the structure of the body.

• Specialized Anatomy: In-depth study of a specific topic related to anatomy.

4. Organ Systems in the Body:

• Integumentary System

• Skeletal System

• Joint System

• Muscular System

• Nervous System

• Cardiovascular System

• Digestive System

• Respiratory System

• Urinary System

• Reproductive System

• Endocrine System

5. Anatomical Position:

• Standing upright

• Arms at the sides, palms facing forward

• Eyes and both hands facing forward

• Toes together

6. Anatomical Planes:

• Median Sagittal Plane

• Coronal Plane

• Sagittal Plane

• Transverse Plane

7. Positional Terms:

• Superior: Closer to the head.

• Inferior: Closer to the feet.

• Anterior (Ventral): Closer to the front of the body.

• Posterior (Dorsal): Closer to the back of the body.

• Proximal: Closer to the trunk, the origin (root) of a blood vessel, a nerve, a limb or an organ, closer to the limb root.

• Distal: Opposite of proximal.

• Superficial: Closer to the surface.

• Deep: Further from the surface.

8. Major Regions of the Body:

• Head

• Neck

• Back

• Chest

• Abdomen

• Pelvis

• Perineum

• Upper Limb

• Lower Limb

9. Boundaries of Regions:

• Abdominal Region:

• Superior: Subcostal plane.

• Inferior: Intertubercular plane.

• Pelvic Region:

• Anterior: Pubic arch and pubic ligament.

• Posterior: Tip of the coccyx.

• Lateral: Ischial tuberosity and ischiopubic rami.

• Gluteal Region:

• Superior: Iliac crest, from the anterior superior iliac spine to the posterior superior iliac spine.

• Inferior: Gluteal fold.

• Medial: Sacral median crest.

• Thigh Region:

• Superior: Gluteal fold posteriorly, inguinal fold anteriorly.

• Inferior: Circumference of the patella approximately 2 fingerbreadths above.

• Knee Region:

• Superior: Circumference of the patella 2 fingerbreadths above.

• Inferior: Circumference across the tibial tuberosity.

• Leg Region:

• Superior: Circumference across the tibial tuberosity.

• Inferior: Circumference across the malleoli.

• Ankle Region:

• Joint between the bones of the leg and the talus.

Note:

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