Series and Parallel Circuits Series and Parallel Circuits I. Series Circuits 1. Ohm’s Law: Statement: The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across its ends and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor. Formula: I = U/R I: Current (A) U: Voltage (V) R: Resistance (Ω) 2. Characteristics…

Respiratory Immunity Respiratory Immunity 1. Introduction The respiratory system is one of the organs most vulnerable to attack by pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and allergens. To protect the body from these agents, the immune system plays a crucial role. 2. Non-specific Immune System The non-specific immune system (also known as innate immunity) is…

Qi and Blood Tonification: Precious Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine Qi and Blood Tonification: Precious Herbs in Traditional Chinese Medicine Qi (pronounced “chee”) and blood are fundamental concepts in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). They represent vital energies that govern our physical and mental health. Qi is the vital energy that flows through our bodies, animating…

Red Blood Cell Disorders – Pathophysiology Red Blood Cell Disorders – Pathophysiology 1. Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells: Red blood cells (RBCs) are non-nucleated blood cells that are biconcave disc-shaped. Their primary function is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs. RBCs…

Red Fallopia multiflora (Fo-ti) – Detailed Information and Precautions Red Fallopia multiflora (Fo-ti) – Detailed Information and Precautions Botanical Name: Common Name: Red Fallopia multiflora, Chinese Knotweed, Fo-ti Scientific Name: Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson (synonym: Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.) Family: Buckwheat (Polygonaceae) Characteristics: Description: A woody vine with long, cylindrical roots that are reddish-brown to black.…

Premature Birth – Understanding to Protect Mother and Baby Premature Birth – Understanding to Protect Mother and Baby Premature birth, also known as preterm birth, occurs when a baby is born before 37 weeks of pregnancy, calculated from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period. Premature babies often have low birth weight, their…

Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and Important Considerations Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) and Important Considerations Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is a condition where the amniotic sac breaks before the 37th week of pregnancy. This is a serious issue that needs to be monitored and addressed promptly by a doctor. Signs of PROM: Leakage…

Psoriasis – Pemphigus Psoriasis – Pemphigus 1. Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic, non-contagious skin disease caused by an overproduction of skin cells. It commonly manifests as red, thick patches of skin covered with silvery scales, causing itching and discomfort. Pemphigus is a specific form of psoriasis that often occurs in people with darker skin tones.…

Psoriasis: A Common Skin Condition Psoriasis: A Common Skin Condition 1. Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic, non-contagious skin condition characterized by excessive skin cell growth, leading to the formation of red, scaly patches on the skin. The condition can affect people of all ages, but it is most common in individuals between the ages of…

Pneumonia (PN): From Symptoms to Treatment Pneumonia (PN): From Symptoms to Treatment 1. Definition: Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs, usually caused by an infection. 2. Classification: Severe pneumonia: Caused by dangerous infectious agents such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae (Hib). Mild pneumonia: Caused by less dangerous infectious agents. Note: Pneumonia can occur at…