Cephalosporins: Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics with 5 Generations Cephalosporins: Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics with 5 Generations Cephalosporins are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics widely used to treat bacterial infections. They have a similar chemical structure to penicillin but have a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity and are less susceptible to degradation by bacterial beta-lactamases. Cephalosporin Classification: 1. Classification based…
Extraction Process 01: Solvent Extraction Extraction Process 01: Solvent Extraction 1. Concept: Solvent Extraction (S.E.): The process of extracting active compounds from medicinal plants using a suitable solvent. This process is often not complete, meaning there are still undissolved residues in the solvent. Extract: The solvent after it has dissolved the soluble components from the…
Pharmaceutical Preparations II Review Exercises Pharmaceutical Preparations II Review Exercises I. Displacement Value Displacement value of a substance relative to an excipient: is the amount of excipient that occupies the same volume as 1 g of that substance when molded. Note: Displacement value only applies to solid substances. Displacement value helps determine the amount of…
A Comprehensive Guide to Pharmaceutical Solutions: Knowledge and Precautions A Comprehensive Guide to Pharmaceutical Solutions: Knowledge and Precautions I. Introduction Pharmaceutical solutions are a common dosage form widely used in the treatment of diseases. They are homogeneous dispersions consisting of a solute (drug substance) uniformly dispersed in a solvent. Understanding the basic principles of pharmaceutical…
Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH) Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH) 1. Overview Dermatitis Herpetiformis (DH), also known as Duhring-Brocq disease, is a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by intensely itchy, blistering eruptions that cluster together. These blisters often occur in the elbows, knees, back, and buttocks. 2. Symptoms Skin manifestations: Variety: Blisters, vesicles, papules, plaques, and erythema. Blisters: Tense,…
Pharmaceutical Preparations Practice 1: Solutions, Syrups, Potions, Elixirs, Eye Drops, Tinctures, Spirits, Extracts, Emulsions and Suspensions Pharmaceutical Preparations Practice 1: Solutions, Syrups, Potions, Elixirs, Eye Drops, Tinctures, Spirits, Extracts, Emulsions and Suspensions 1. Pharmaceutical Solutions Definition: A pharmaceutical solution is a liquid preparation that is made by dissolving one or more medicinal substances in a…
**General Overview of Body Function and Dysfunction** **General Overview of Body Function and Dysfunction** 1. Characteristics of Life Life is a unique state of matter characterized by the following features: a) Constant Renewal: – Metabolism: This process involves a series of interconnected stages, from respiration and digestion to intracellular metabolism and excretion. – Anabolism: The…
Antibiotics and Their Impact on Bacteria (Module 2) Antibiotics and Their Impact on Bacteria (Module 2) 1. What are antibiotics? Antibiotics are chemical compounds that inhibit or kill bacteria, aiding in the treatment of bacterial infections. Note: Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, fungi, and parasites. Overusing antibiotics can lead to drug resistance, making it harder…
Bullous Pemphigoid Bullous Pemphigoid 1. Introduction Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is an autoimmune skin disease caused by the immune system attacking the basement membrane of the skin, leading to the formation of blisters. It is a chronic disease that can impact the quality of life of the affected individual. 2. Characteristics Nature: Autoimmune blistering skin disorder,…