Melasma: Causes, Mechanism, and Diagnosis Melasma: Causes, Mechanism, and Diagnosis Melasma is a common skin condition, often occurring in women. Here is detailed information about the etiology, mechanism, and diagnostic methods of melasma: Etiology: Gender: Females have a higher risk of developing melasma than males. Genetics: Family history of melasma is also a risk factor.…
Skin Discoloration: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Skin Discoloration: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Skin discoloration is a condition that causes increased pigmentation on the skin, manifesting as patches of skin that are brown, dark brown, blue, or other colors. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and treatment of skin discoloration can help you proactively care for your skin…
Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Xeroderma Pigmentosum: Understanding the Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP), also known as pigmentation dryness disease, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a defect in DNA repair processes, leading to increased sensitivity to sunlight. The disease is often characterized by symptoms such as skin pigmentation…
Characteristics of the Upper Fourth Molar Characteristics of the Upper Fourth Molar Crown: Ovoid or square shaped. Cusps: Slightly rounded, slightly inclined distally. Mesial and Distal Marginal Ridges: Inclined 30 degrees, forming prominent shoulders along the buccal contours. Mesial Fossa: Located in the mesial cervical third, slightly depressed in the middle of the crown. Lobes…
Obesity: A Public Health Threat Obesity: A Public Health Threat Childhood obesity is a serious public health issue, directly linked to children’s future health, disease, and mortality. This condition is particularly on the rise in developing countries, posing a significant challenge to healthcare systems. Currently, there is no effective treatment strategy for obesity, so prevention…
MD Pathophysiology: Review Exercises MD Pathophysiology: Review Exercises 1. Complement: Intersection of the 3 complement activation pathways: C3b Complement factors (C2-C5): when activated, they are cleaved into two fragments, a and b, with fragment b usually binding to the target cell, except: C2b Alternative complement activation pathway: the equivalent complex to C4b2a in the lectin…
The Autonomic Nervous System: Controlling the Body Automatically The Autonomic Nervous System: Controlling the Body Automatically The autonomic nervous system, also known as the involuntary nervous system, is a complex network that controls automatic bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and excretion. This system operates independently of our conscious awareness. The autonomic nervous…
2nd Semester Exam Preparation: Formulation 2nd Semester Exam Preparation: Formulation 1. Bismuth Nitrate: Page 33: Mechanical dispersion. 2. Terpin Hydrate: Page 33: Mechanical dispersion. Poorly soluble drug: Terpin hydrate Emulsifier: Acacia (CNH D/N) Preservative: Sodium benzoate (water-soluble) Sweetener: Codeine 3. Precipitation method: Page 33: Gelatin A + Tartaric acid + Water Wet gum method Page…
Tetracyclines and their Derivatives: Structure, Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity Tetracyclines and their Derivatives: Structure, Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity Tetracyclines are a group of antibiotics characterized by their phenanthrene ring structure. They are known for their bacteriostatic action (except for minocycline, which is bactericidal). This group possesses a broad spectrum of activity, making them effective in…
Labor Chart: A Detailed Guide Labor Chart: A Detailed Guide A labor chart is an important tool to monitor and assess the progress of labor, allowing for timely interventions to ensure the safety of both mother and baby. 1. When is a Labor Chart Needed? A labor chart should be recorded for high-risk cases such…