Pain Relief: An Overview of Drug Types and Mechanisms Pain Relief: An Overview of Drug Types and Mechanisms Pain relief is a crucial aspect of managing various medical conditions. Pain medications are broadly categorized into two main types: 1. Opioid Pain Relief: Structure and Action: Opioids are compounds structurally similar to morphine, acting on opioid…
Herbs for the Common Cold Herbs for the Common Cold This article introduces some common herbs used to treat the common cold, along with information about their used parts, harvesting, processing, preservation, chemical composition, effects and benefits. 1. Peppermint Scientific name: Mentha arvensis, family Lamiaceae Used part: Whole plant, excluding roots Harvesting, processing, preservation: Harvest…
Biochemistry – Notes Biochemistry – Notes Polysaccharides: Hyaluronic acid: Structure: Composed of beta-D-glucuronic and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine monomers. Linkage: 1-3 within monomers, 1-4 between monomers. Number of monomers: 250-25,000 units. Role: Found in the vitreous humor of the eye. Chondroitin sulfate: Structure: Composed of beta-D-glucuronic and N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosamine 4-sulfate monomers. Note: Galactosamine, not glucosamine. Number of monomers: 50-1000…
Nutritional Value of Food: An Overview Nutritional Value of Food: An Overview The nutritional value of a food is evaluated based on three main factors: 1. Nutrient Composition: This includes macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) present in the food. 2. Biological Value: This determines the digestibility, absorption, metabolism, and utilization of nutrients…
Anti-Tuberculosis Medications: A Comprehensive Guide to Mechanism, Effects, Side Effects, and Usage Anti-Tuberculosis Medications: A Comprehensive Guide to Mechanism, Effects, Side Effects, and Usage This article will provide detailed information on common anti-tuberculosis medications, including their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, indications, and contraindications. Isoniazid (INH): Characteristics: The number one drug in tuberculosis treatment,…
Bleeding Disorder Bleeding Disorder Bleeding disorder is a condition characterized by unusual bleeding due to abnormalities in the initial blood clotting process. The cause can be due to abnormalities in the vascular wall, von Willebrand factor (vWF) or platelets. Vascular Wall Abnormalities Genetic: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Ehlers-Danlos syndrome Acquired: Senile purpura Henoch-Schonlein purpura Scurvy (vitamin…
Respiratory Pathophysiology Respiratory Pathophysiology 1. Structure of the Respiratory System: Thorax: Consists of the spine, ribs, and sternum. Inpiratory Muscles: Normal: Diaphragm and external intercostals. Forced: Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, serratus anterior (cheek, tongue, nasal wing muscles). The diaphragm accounts for 2/3 of the inhaled air. Expiratory Muscles: Normal: No muscles involved, no energy required. Forced: Internal…
Immunology – Immunoglobulin (Ig) Immunology – Immunoglobulin (Ig) Chapter 1: Immunoglobulin (Ig) What are Immunoglobulins? Where are they produced? – Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins, produced by plasma cells. What holds the two heavy and light chains together? – Disulfide covalent bonds. Which of the following regions is the heaviest? – VH region (variable heavy chain). The…
Drug-Related Pathology: Drug-Related Pathology: 1. Lung Damage: Risk factors: Age > 60 Chronic lung disease (interstitial pneumonia) Decreased respiratory function History of lung resection Oxygen use Radiation exposure Kidney damage Smoking Drugs causing cardiogenic pulmonary edema: Diltiazem Propanolol Albumin Drugs causing non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: Aspirin Methotrexate Methotrexate-induced lung damage: Risk factors: Diabetes, low albumin, older…
Parasitology Final Exam (SMP 15-16) Parasitology Final Exam (SMP 15-16) Question 1: In which stage does the definitive host carry the parasite? A. Adult stage or sexually reproductive stage. B. Larval or immature stage. C. Egg stage. D. Juvenile stage. Answer: A Question 2: What is the most common parasitic disease in Vietnam today? A.…