Injectable Drug Bioavailability Injectable Drug Bioavailability Injectable Drug Bioavailability Injectable drug bioavailability refers to the ability of a drug to be absorbed into the bloodstream and achieve the desired therapeutic concentration. The rate and extent of drug absorption depend on various factors, especially the injection site. Injection Site and Its Impact on Bioavailability: Subcutaneous (SC):…
Basic Acupuncture Techniques Basic Acupuncture Techniques Basic Acupuncture Techniques Acupuncture is a traditional treatment method in Traditional Chinese Medicine that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body called acupoints. This stimulates the body’s response, helping to regulate bodily functions, reduce pain, enhance immunity, and provide other benefits. 1. Fundamentals of Acupuncture: Purpose…
Renal Physiology – Comprehensive Knowledge Renal Physiology – Comprehensive Knowledge Renal Physiology – Comprehensive Knowledge This article will summarize essential knowledge about renal physiology, including the structure, function, mechanisms of operation, and factors influencing kidney function. I. Structure and Function of the Kidneys 1. Nephron – the functional unit of the kidney: – Consists of…
Molar Pregnancy Molar Pregnancy Molar Pregnancy A molar pregnancy is an abnormal pregnancy that occurs when the placental tissue grows abnormally inside the uterus. Instead of forming a fetus, the tissue grows into fluid-filled cysts, forming a mass that cannot develop into a baby. Molar pregnancies can be classified into two types: complete molar pregnancy…
Digestive System Digestive System Digestive System 1. Mouth: Outer surface: Skin, numerous hairs, sebaceous glands, sweat glands. Lip margin: No sweat glands, hairs. Contains sebaceous glands. Abundant capillaries and nerve endings. Inner surface: Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium, lamina propria. 2. Oral mucosa: Inner lining of the oral cavity. Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium. Cells are replaced…
The Urinary System The Urinary System The Urinary System The urinary system is a vital part of the body responsible for filtering blood, eliminating waste products, and maintaining water and electrolyte balance. This system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. Kidneys: The kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary…
Hematopoiesis Overview Hematopoiesis Overview Hematopoiesis Overview Functions of Blood: Transport: Carries oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body. Protection: Defends the body against disease-causing agents (pathogens). Regulation: Maintains homeostasis (a stable internal environment) by regulating temperature, pH, and fluid balance. Composition and Properties of Blood: Specific Gravity: Whole blood: 1.05 – 1.06 Plasma: 1.03…
Psychotherapy: An Overview Psychotherapy: An Overview Psychotherapy: An Overview Psychotherapy is a field of medicine that focuses on the use of positive, systematic psychological interventions to prevent and treat illnesses. The term was first used in 1872 in the book “The Influence of the Mind Upon the Body” by D. Tuke. Theoretical Basis: Psychotherapy is…
Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution Evidence and Mechanisms of Evolution Evolution is the gradual process of change in living organisms over time. The evidence and mechanisms of evolution help us understand this process more thoroughly. Evidence of Evolution: Direct Evidence: Fossils: Remains of ancient organisms, providing information about the changes…
Diseases and Medications: Diseases and Medications: Diseases and Medications: Pulmonary diseases: Risk factors for drug-induced lung injury: Age over 60 Preexisting lung disease (e.g., interstitial pneumonia) Impaired respiratory function History of lung resection Oxygen use Radiation exposure Renal impairment Smoking Drugs causing cardiogenic pulmonary edema: Diltiazem Propranolol Albumin Non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: Aspirin Methotrexate Risk factors…