Overview of Cardiovascular Medications Groups Overview of Cardiovascular Medications Groups 1. Diuretics: Sulphonamide Diuretics: Uses: Treatment of hypertension, glaucoma, diuretic, alkalization of urine to remove uric acid. Side effects: Hypokalemia, hyponatremia; kidney stones; gastrointestinal disorders; metabolic acidosis. Contraindications: Chronic cardiopulmonary disease with respiratory insufficiency, cirrhosis, hepatic failure. Drugs: Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide, Methazolamide (mainly for glaucoma). Osmotic…
Muscle Relaxants: Mechanism of Action and Applications Muscle Relaxants: Mechanism of Action and Applications I. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents 1. General Mechanism: Neuromuscular blocking agents: act directly on the neuromuscular junction, where nerve signals are received to activate muscle contraction. Classification: Depolarizing agents: Bind to receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing excessive depolarization, which paralyzes the…
Theory of Oscillation and Waves Theory of Oscillation and Waves String tension: Depends on: Mass and position of the weight. Maximum tension: At the equilibrium position (EP). Minimum tension: At the amplitude. Sound: Musical sound: Has a sound wave graph that is a periodic function with a defined frequency. Three-phase asynchronous motor: Rotor: Rotates at…
Alcohol Addiction vs. Alcohol Abuse: The Difference Alcohol Addiction vs. Alcohol Abuse: The Difference Alcohol addiction is a chronic disease characterized by an intense craving for alcohol, loss of control over drinking, and continued use of alcohol despite negative consequences that follow drinking. Alcohol abuse, on the other hand, encompasses situations where individuals unintentionally or…
Mental Health – Alcohol Addiction Mental Health – Alcohol Addiction Alcohol addiction is a chronic disease characterized by an urge to consume alcohol, the loss of control when drinking, and the continuation of alcohol consumption despite negative consequences. Alcohol abuse refers to cases where individuals intentionally or unintentionally harm their health. Signs of alcohol consumption…
The Photoelectric Effect and the Quantum Theory of Light The Photoelectric Effect and the Quantum Theory of Light 1. Hertz’s Experiment on the Photoelectric Effect Hertz’s experiment demonstrated the photoelectric effect. In this experiment, a negatively charged zinc plate was attached to the rod of an electroscope. When a beam of light from an arc…
Topical Medications Topical Medications 1. Composition: Topical medications have two basic components: Active ingredient: It has therapeutic effects. Excipient: It does not have therapeutic effects, but it helps to deliver the active ingredient into the skin. 2. Excipients: Some common types of excipients: Water Alcohol Vaseline Lanolin Glycerin Powder Effects of excipients: Help the medication…
Drugs Acting on Blood Coagulation: Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics Drugs Acting on Blood Coagulation: Anticoagulants and Fibrinolytics 1. Blood Coagulation Process: When bleeding occurs, the body responds by: Vasoconstriction: Reducing blood flow. Platelet Plug Formation: Platelets adhere to the wound, forming a temporary seal. Fibrin Formation: Fibrin strands connect to the platelet plug, creating a stable…
Basic Skin Lesions in Dermatology Basic Skin Lesions in Dermatology I. Primary Basic Lesions 1. Skin Color Changes Patch: Flat on the skin, no infiltration. Red Patch: Pink or red, fades when pressed. Flat with the skin. Cause: Vasodilation due to inflammation. Clinical forms: Measles-like, roseola (secondary syphilis), erythema, generalized erythema. Vascular Patch: Vasodilation in…
Pelvic Fracture – Overview Pelvic Fracture – Overview A pelvic fracture is a serious injury that can lead to severe complications. This article provides basic information about pelvic fractures, including classification, mechanism, complications, and treatment. 1. Classification of Pelvic Fractures Pelvic ring classification according to AO: Type A: Stable injury. The pelvic ligaments are intact.…