Gene Mutation Gene Mutation 1. Definition: Mutation: A change in the genetic material at the molecular level (gene mutation) and at the cellular level (chromosome mutation). Mutant: An organism that carries a mutation and exhibits a phenotypic change as a result of the mutation. 2. Causes: External Causes: Physical Agents: Radiation (e.g., X-rays, ultraviolet radiation),…
Fundamentals of Genetics Fundamentals of Genetics 1. DNA Replication Timing: S phase of interphase in the cell cycle. Context: Occurs before cell division. Mechanism: DNA is unwound into two single strands, each acting as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. This process adheres to the principles of base pairing and semi-conservative…
Fever: What you need to know Fever: What you need to know 1. The body’s response when the body temperature is high (fever state)? When body temperature exceeds the normal range, the body will react to increase the body temperature to fight against pathogens. This mechanism happens through two ways: Increased heat production: The body…
Fetal Demise: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications Fetal Demise: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications I. Definition Fetal demise, also known as stillbirth, is the death of a fetus in the uterus before the 20th week of pregnancy. II. Causes Maternal Factors Medical Conditions: Preeclampsia, chronic hypertension, heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, endocrine disorders, infections……
Fats: An Essential Energy Source for Your Body Fats: An Essential Energy Source for Your Body 1. Definition Fats, also known as lipids, are triesters of glycerol with fatty acids, collectively referred to as triglycerides or triacylglycerols. General structural formula: R1-COO-CH2 | R2-COO-CH | R3-COO-CH2 Where: R1, R2, R3 represent hydrocarbon radicals of fatty acids.…
Eye Drops: Quality Control and Manufacturing Requirements Eye Drops: Quality Control and Manufacturing Requirements 1. Definition Eye drops are liquid medications, either solutions or suspensions, that are instilled into the eye to treat eye conditions or to deliver medication directly to the eye. Eye drops can be used to treat conditions such as conjunctivitis, keratitis,…
Expanding Upon Key Biological Concepts Expanding Upon Key Biological Concepts: 1. Water and Mineral Absorption by Roots: Mechanism of Absorption: Roots absorb water and minerals primarily through root hairs. These are specialized epidermal cells with a delicate structure and a large surface area, enhancing absorption capacity. Movement Within the Plant: Water and minerals, once absorbed,…
Epidemiology 2: Supplementary Knowledge EPIDEMIOLOGY 2: SUPPLEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE 1. Epidemiology (Epi) is the science of: c. Studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events Epidemiology is the study of health in populations. It looks at how diseases and other health issues are spread, how often they occur, and what factors influence them. 2.…
Ephedra: A Valuable Herb with Many Uses Ephedra: A Valuable Herb with Many Uses 1. General Introduction Ephedra is a valuable medicinal plant widely used in both traditional and modern medicine. The term “Ephedra” typically refers to species in the genus *Ephedra*, including: Chinese Ephedra: *Ephedra sinica* Ma Huang: *E. equisetina* Intermedia Ephedra: *E. intermedia*…
Enlarged Lymph Nodes: Causes, Symptoms, and Management Enlarged Lymph Nodes: Causes, Symptoms, and Management Enlarged lymph nodes are a common finding that can occur at any age and have various underlying causes. To understand the reason for enlarged lymph nodes and their severity, a thorough evaluation through patient history, physical examination, and appropriate testing is…