EPIDEMIOLOGY 2: SUPPLEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE
1. Epidemiology (Epi) is the science of:
c. Studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states and events
Epidemiology is the study of health in populations. It looks at how diseases and other health issues are spread, how often they occur, and what factors influence them.
2. Epi activities research about:
b. Health-related events in defined populations
Epi focuses on the health of specific groups of people, like a community, city, country, or the entire globe. It doesn’t study individual health.
3. Epi researches to apply:
d. The results of this research in controlling health problems
The main goal of Epi is to use the knowledge gained to develop effective strategies for preventing, controlling, and managing health issues.
4. Distribution in Epi is:
c. Frequency, pattern
Distribution in Epi involves identifying the frequency, pattern, and trends of health conditions within a population.
5. Determinants in Epi are:
a. Causal, risk factors
Determinants are factors that affect health, including causes, risks, protective factors, etc.
6. Health-related states and events in Epi research:
b. Not only related to disease problems
Epi examines various health-related issues, not just diseases. It also includes factors affecting health, such as injuries, disabilities, mental health, etc.
7. “Defined populations” in Epi are:
c. Neighborhoods, schools, cities, nations, globally
“Defined populations” are specific groups of people that are studied, such as communities, schools, cities, nations, or the global population.
8. Modern Epi was mentioned at a time linked to:
d. Research work by doctors in England (1950’s)
Modern Epi began its rapid development in the 1950s with the research of British doctors who linked cigarette smoking to lung cancer.
9. Modern Epi mentioned had identified:
c. The link between smoking and lung cancer
The research by British doctors in the 1950s clearly established a causal link between smoking and lung cancer.
10. Modern Epi expanded its research scope:
b. Out of the realm of infectious diseases
Modern Epi doesn’t just focus on infectious diseases; it also expands research to other areas like chronic diseases, injuries, mental health, etc.
11. Modern Epi expanded its scope to research:
a. The field of chronic diseases
Modern Epi plays a crucial role in researching and controlling chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, etc.
12. Modern Epi has researched and found:
c. The main causal factors of disease
Modern Epi investigates to identify the primary causes of diseases, including risk factors and protective factors.
13. Modern Epi has also researched and found:
c. Other factors that increase the chance of disease
Modern Epi goes beyond primary causes to explore other factors that can increase the risk of disease, such as genetics, environment, etc.
14. The goals of epidemiology include:
b. General goals and specific goals
Epi has both overarching goals and specific objectives. It aims to understand the health of populations and apply this knowledge to improve human health.
15. The general goal of epidemiology aims to:
a. Identify and propose effective intervention measures
The general goal of Epi is to identify health issues within populations and propose suitable interventions to control and improve health.
16. The general goal of epidemiology also aims to:
c. Prevent and pay for health-related risks to human health;
Epi strives to prevent disease, minimize the impact of risk factors, and promote better health for people.
17. The specific goal of epidemiology aims to:
d. Identify the distribution of health-related phenomena, diseases
The specific goal of Epi is to clearly define the distribution, frequency, and trends of diseases and factors affecting health within a population.
18. The specific goal of epidemiology also aims to:
c. Identify internal and external factors in a population;
Epi investigates factors both within and outside a population that affect health, including genetics, lifestyle, environment, etc.
19. The specific goal of epidemiology aims to identify 3 factors:
b. Person, place, time:
Epi examines people (specific groups of people), place (location, region), and time (date, trends of change) to understand the distribution and factors influencing health.
20. The specific goal of epidemiology aims to:
c. Clarify the risks and causes of the health situation
Epi identifies risk factors and causes that lead to health conditions and diseases within a population.
21. The specific goal of epidemiology also focuses on:
d. Serving treatment, healthcare, and payment for diseases;
Epi provides information and knowledge to effectively serve treatment, healthcare, and payment for diseases.
22. The specific goal of epidemiology also focuses on:
b. Providing assessment methods:
Epi provides methods for evaluating the effectiveness of interventions, health programs, and the overall health situation of a population.
23. The specific goal of epidemiology also focuses on implementing health services:
d. Help prevent disease and promote community health;
Epi supports the implementation of health services to prevent diseases, promote community health, and ensure equitable access to healthcare.
24. The tasks of epidemiology aim to:
c. Assess the health status of the population, find the mechanism, identify the harm;
Epi evaluates the health of a population, investigates the causes and mechanisms of disease, and identifies the harm caused by diseases.
25. The tasks of epidemiology aim to propose principles for:
d. Effective prevention, disease control, and harm reduction;
Epi proposes principles for preventing, controlling, and reducing the harm caused by diseases in a population.
26. The role of epidemiology aims to:
c. Measure, assess health issues, factors, risks;
Epi plays a vital role in measuring, evaluating health problems, risk factors, protective factors, and factors influencing human health.
27. The role of epidemiology also aims to enhance:
c. The effectiveness of interventions
Epi plays a critical role in evaluating the effectiveness of interventions, health programs, and helping to improve the efficacy of these programs.
28. The role of epidemiology is also:
c. The main basis of community health management;
Epi provides critical knowledge and information for effective community health management.
29. The role of epidemiology also increases:
a. The effectiveness of building community health services;
Epi plays a vital role in designing and developing effective community health services.
30. The role of epidemiology also aims to implement:
c. Improving the health of a nation;
Epi plays a critical role in improving the health and increasing life expectancy of people within a nation.
31. The role of epidemiology also aims to:
d. Meet the need to collect and analyze health and population data:
Epi provides knowledge and skills for effectively collecting, analyzing, and using health and population data.
32. The role of epidemiology also aims to provide:
c. Provide new knowledge about medicine, health management;
Epi plays a critical role in researching and developing new knowledge about medicine, health, and health management.
33. The approach of Epi differs from clinical practice in researching about:
d. A community health phenomenon:
Epi focuses on researching health phenomena at the population level, while clinical practice focuses on individual patients.
34. The approach of Epi differs from clinical practice in diagnosing about:
c. Community health phenomena (occurring in large numbers).
Epi diagnoses health problems affecting many people, while clinical practice diagnoses diseases for individuals.
35. The approach of Epi differs from clinical practice in finding the cause of:
d. The emergence and spread of community disease.
Epi investigates factors leading to the emergence and spread of diseases in a community.
36. The approach of Epi differs from clinical practice in treating by:
c. Intervention health programs, surveillance, mass disease payment;
Epi uses intervention health programs, surveillance, and mass payments to control diseases at the population level.
37. The approach of Epi differs from clinical practice in evaluating the results by:
d. Analyzing the results of Epi intervention programs, continuous monitoring;
Epi uses data and analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention programs, surveillance, and disease control.
38. How many levels of prevention does Epi have?
c. Three
Epi includes 3 levels of prevention: primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention.
39. Primary prevention is:
d. Preventing the emergence of disease;
Primary prevention focuses on preventing the occurrence of diseases.
40. Primary prevention implements:
b. Health promotion measures;
Primary prevention involves measures aimed at enhancing health and strengthening the body’s resistance.
41. Primary prevention can aim to:
d. Induce specific immunity;
Primary prevention can include vaccinations to create specific immunity in the body.
42. Primary prevention also implements:
a. Limiting social and occupational accidents;
Primary prevention also includes measures aimed at limiting social and occupational accidents.
43. Secondary prevention implements:
c. Measures to detect early and treat promptly;
Secondary prevention focuses on early detection and prompt treatment of diseases.
44. Secondary prevention implements:
d. Measures to slow disease progression, prevent complications, and spread;
Secondary prevention also aims to slow the progression of diseases, prevent complications, and limit spread.
45. Secondary prevention is the responsibility of:
b. All physicians, preventive medicine centers;
Secondary prevention is the responsibility of all physicians, doctors, preventive medicine centers, and healthcare facilities.
46. Tertiary prevention implements:
c. Limiting the sequelae of diseases;
Tertiary prevention focuses on minimizing the sequelae and consequences of diseases.
47. Tertiary prevention also implements:
b. Restoring patient functions;
Tertiary prevention includes measures aimed at restoring function and improving the quality of life for patients.
48. Tertiary prevention also implements:
c. Limiting deaths for those with the disease;
Tertiary prevention also aims to reduce mortality from diseases.
49. These levels of prevention are built upon:
a. Disease prevention levels;
Levels of prevention are built upon different levels of prevention, control, and minimizing the impact of diseases.
50. These levels of prevention are important depending on:
d. The level of disease progression;
The importance of levels of prevention depends on the stage of disease progression, with primary prevention being the most crucial, followed by secondary and tertiary prevention.
130. Water is an important transmission factor of:
c. Many intestinal diseases,
Water is a crucial transmission factor for many intestinal diseases, including cholera, typhoid, dysentery, etc.
131. Water becomes contaminated by:
d. Human and animal excreta, sewage, bathing, and laundry
Water can be contaminated by human and animal excreta, sewage, wastewater, and other sources.
132. Water can also be contaminated by:
b. Hospital, hotel, or factory wastewater,
Wastewater from hospitals, hotels, and factories can contain bacteria, viruses, and harmful substances that contaminate water sources.
133. Cholera vibrio can live in water for up to:
c. 20 days causing major outbreaks
Cholera vibrio can survive in water for up to 20 days and cause major cholera outbreaks.
134. Typhoid bacillus can live in water for:
d. A few days to a few weeks;
Typhoid bacillus can survive in water for a few days to a few weeks and cause typhoid fever.
135. Amoebic dysentery cysts can survive for up to:
c. 8 months
Amoebic dysentery cysts can survive in water for up to 8 months and cause amoebic dysentery.
136. Mucocutaneous diseases can also be transmitted through water, such as:
c. Viral conjunctivitis, trachoma,
Viral conjunctivitis and trachoma can spread through contaminated water.
137. Diseases from animals to humans through water, such as:
c. Leptospira, from the urine of rodents, buffalo, and cattle,
Leptospira can be transmitted from animals to humans through contaminated water, mainly the urine of rodents, buffalo, and cattle.
138. When cleaning sewers, people can get infected because Leptospira can:
d. Enter through damaged skin and mucous membranes,
Leptospira can enter the body through damaged skin and mucous membranes, especially when exposed to contaminated wastewater, sewers, or soil.
139. Water is both a transmission route and the place where microorganisms undergo:
c. A development cycle before entering the intermediate host,
Water is where some parasites undergo a development cycle before entering the intermediate host, which then transmits them to humans.
140. Microorganisms can live as parasites in:
b. Aquatic animals;
Some microorganisms can live as parasites in aquatic animals, such as fish, shrimp, crabs, etc.
141. Soil becomes contaminated by:
c. Human and animal excreta,
Soil can become contaminated by human and animal excreta, including feces, urine, etc.
142. The role of soil in transmission compared to water is:
d. Lower.
The role of soil in transmission is lower than that of water, however, soil is still a vital transmission factor for some diseases.
143. The common transmission mechanism of soil is:
b. Indirect transmission through water or fresh vegetables entering the intestine,
Soil mainly transmits infections indirectly through water or vegetables grown in contaminated soil.
144. Soil is an independent transmission factor for some diseases such as:
d. Tuberculosis, anthrax;
Soil is an independent transmission factor for some diseases like tuberculosis and anthrax, as the bacteria causing these diseases can persist in soil for long periods.
145. Soil has a protective effect on spores:
b. Tetanus, gas gangrene.
Soil can protect spores of bacteria causing tetanus and gas gangrene from being destroyed by environmental factors.
146. Soil plays a major role in transmitting helminth infections because:
b. Eggs are preserved for several months during development in soil.
Helminth eggs can survive in soil for several months, even years, and cause disease in humans when exposed to contaminated soil.
147. Helminths can enter the body through:
d. The mouth, or larvae penetrate the skin (hookworm);
Helminths can enter the human body through the mouth when ingesting contaminated food, vegetables, or water, or larvae can penetrate the skin, as in the case of hookworm.
148. Food is a crucial transmission source for diseases of the:
b. Intestine,
Food is a critical transmission source for many intestinal diseases, including diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid fever, etc.
149. Many microorganisms can:
c. Exist and reproduce in food for a long time,
Many microorganisms can exist and reproduce in food for a long time, contaminating food and causing disease in people who eat it.
150. Food is a good environment for germs like:
c. Many proteins (milk, soup…).
Protein-rich foods, like milk and soup, are good environments for the growth of many disease-causing bacteria.
151. Food becomes contaminated indirectly through:
d. Soil, water, insects, dust,
Food can be contaminated indirectly through soil, water, insects, dust, or contaminated objects.
152. Food can also be contaminated directly through:
b. The hands of sick people or carriers of disease.
Food can be directly contaminated by the hands of sick people or carriers of disease.
153. The following diseases can be transmitted through food:
b. Waterborne diseases like cholera, typhoid, dysentery,
Waterborne diseases like cholera and typhoid fever can be transmitted through food prepared with contaminated water.
154. The following diseases can be transmitted through food:
c. Soil-transmitted helminth infections;
Soil-transmitted helminth infections, such as roundworm and hookworm, can be spread through food grown in contaminated soil.
155. The following diseases can also be transmitted through food:
c. Zoonotic diseases caused by eating sick animal meat, eggs, and milk.
Zoonotic diseases, such as rabies and tuberculosis, can be transmitted through food from sick animals.
156. Diseases transmitted through underwear, hats, pillows, combs, and sheets are:
b. Skin and hair diseases,
Skin and hair diseases, such as scabies and ringworm, can be spread through contact with contaminated clothing, hats, pillows, combs, and sheets.
157. Trachoma is acquired by:
c. Sharing towels and washbasins:
Trachoma can be spread through contact with contaminated towels, washbasins, or other personal items.
158. Eating utensils, children’s toys can spread diseases:
b. Respiratory, helminth, skin, and digestive diseases
Eating utensils and children’s toys can harbor disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and helminths and be transmitted through respiratory, digestive, and skin routes.
159. Children’s toys can retain diphtheria germs for:
c. A few months,
Diphtheria germs can survive in children’s toys for several months and infect children upon contact.
160. Carriers of disease have microorganisms that directly infect:
d. Air.
Carriers of disease can release bacteria and viruses into the environment through their respiratory system, infecting others through contact or by inhaling contaminated air.
161. Medical devices can transmit infections to many people in hospitals between:
d. Healthcare workers – Patients – Family members
Medical devices can harbor disease-causing bacteria and viruses and transmit infections to many people in hospitals, including healthcare workers, patients, and family members.
162. Animals that serve as intermediate hosts for disease transmission include:
b. Insects (flies, cockroaches, mosquitoes…) and ticks (blood-sucking insects):
Insects, such as flies, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and ticks, are intermediate hosts for diseases transmitted to humans.
163. The transmission process of arthropod vectors depends on the characteristics of:
d. Their anatomy and physiology,
The transmission process of arthropod vectors depends on their anatomical and physiological characteristics, such as how they eat, excrete, and move, etc.
164. The transmission process of arthropod vectors mainly depends on:
c. The structure of their digestive system, their eating and excreting habits,
The way arthropod vectors eat, excrete, and move influences their ability to transmit diseases.
165. The danger of arthropod vectors depends on:
b. Their reproductive capacity, whether they are fast or slow-acting determines;
The reproductive capacity, speed, and infectivity of arthropod vectors determine their level of danger.
166. Meteorological natural factors influence the susceptible population regarding diseases:
b. Changing nonspecific resistance,
Natural factors like temperature, humidity, and sunlight can affect the nonspecific resistance of the body, increasing the risk of disease.
167. Natural factors influence the source of infection in diseases:
b. Influence the reproduction, migration of wild animals
Natural factors can influence the reproduction and migration of wild animals, and wild animals can be intermediate hosts for some infectious diseases.
168. Natural factors influence transmission factors in diseases:
c. Most obvious in arthropod vectors like flies, mosquitoes, lice,
Natural factors like temperature and humidity can affect the reproduction, migration, and infectivity of arthropod vectors, such as flies, mosquitoes, and lice.
169. Natural factors influence disease-causing agents like:
c. Affect the ability and time of existence in the external environment;
Natural factors like temperature, humidity, and sunlight can affect the survival and development of disease-causing agents in the environment.
170. Social factors influence the course of epidemics like:
b. The emergence, maintenance, and ability to control an infectious disease,
Social factors, such as economic, social, and cultural conditions, can influence the emergence, persistence, and ability to control epidemics.
171. Whether intestinal bacteria transmit diseases or not depends on:
d. The method of waste disposal, daily provision of drinking water,
The methods of waste disposal and the provision of drinking water influence the spread of bacteria causing intestinal diseases.
172. Social and living factors influence the course of epidemics like:
c. Housing conditions, population density, clean water supply, urban sanitation,
Social and living factors, such as housing conditions, population density, clean water supply, and urban sanitation, can influence the spread and control of epidemics.
173. Social and living factors also influence the course of epidemics like:
b. Food hygiene, occupation, lifestyle, behavior;
Food hygiene, occupation, lifestyle, and behavior can affect the spread and control of epidemics.
174. Which of the following factors influencing epidemics is NOT a social factor:
d. The spread of microorganisms
The spread of microorganisms is a biological process, not a social factor.
175. An epidemic phenomenon is:
d. The concentration of disease cases in a particular time and place,
An epidemic is the unusual occurrence of a large number of cases of a disease within a specific time and place.
176. An epidemic is defined as the occurrence of a large number of cases:
b. With the same nature and cause, in a short period of time, more than usual in the locality;
An epidemic is the occurrence of a large number of cases of the same disease in a short period of time, exceeding the normal rate in a specific area.
177. To identify an epidemic, you need to have:
c. Incidence rates higher than usual in the locality,
To determine if an epidemic is present, there
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