Elemental Analysis in Organic Chemistry Elemental Analysis in Organic Chemistry 1. Introduction Elemental analysis is a crucial technique in organic chemistry that helps determine the elemental composition of an organic compound. It provides insights into the chemical elements that constitute the compound and their relative proportions. 2. Classification Elemental analysis is broadly classified into two…

Stillbirth: Causes, Diagnosis, Management, and Complications Stillbirth: Causes, Diagnosis, Management, and Complications 1. Definition: Stillbirth refers to the death of a fetus in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It’s a common occurrence, affecting approximately 10-20% of pregnancies. The causes of stillbirth are diverse, ranging from maternal factors, fetal factors, or a combination of…

Arrhythmia: Causes, Classification, and Treatment Arrhythmia: Causes, Classification, and Treatment Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that can manifest as a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat. Arrhythmias can be caused by a variety of factors, including cardiovascular disease, electrolyte disturbances, medication use, or other factors. Classification of Arrhythmias: 1. Arrhythmias due to disorders of the…

The Structure of a Cell and Functions of Its Organelles The Structure of a Cell and Functions of Its Organelles The cell is the fundamental unit of life, and it is responsible for all of the basic functions that keep organisms alive. Every cell has a specific structure that is made up of the following…

Chemistry 8 – Chapter 1 – Matter Chemistry 8 – Chapter 1 – Matter 1. Where is matter found? Matter is the substance that makes up objects. Matter is found everywhere, wherever there are objects, there is matter. Each substance (pure substance) has specific physical and chemical properties that differentiate it from other substances. Examples:…

An Overview of Allergic Reactions and Allergic Diseases An Overview of Allergic Reactions and Allergic Diseases 1. Concept Allergic reaction, also known as hypersensitivity, is a condition of increased immune response of the body to fight against a certain agent from outside the body, leading to tissue damage and clinical symptoms. Consequences of allergic reactions…

The Digestive System The Digestive System 1. Functions of the Digestive System The digestive system performs several crucial functions that allow the body to absorb and utilize nutrients from food: Mechanical: Grinding, churning, and moving food through the digestive tract. Digestive: Breaking down food into simpler, absorbable components. Absorptive: Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream and…

Host Immune Response and Bacterial Pathogens – Supplement and Detail Host Immune Response and Bacterial Pathogens – Supplement and Detail 1. Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis) 1.1 Reservoir: Humans only are the sole reservoir for pertussis bacteria. 1.2 Bacterial Name: Bordetella pertussis is the scientific name of the bacteria causing whooping cough. 1.3 Morphology and Staining: Gram-negative…

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, stiffness, and eventually joint deformities. 1. ACR 1987 Criteria for Diagnosing RA: The ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 1987 criteria is a set of standards used to diagnose RA. A patient is diagnosed…

Biochemistry Practical 7: Urine and Serum Analysis Biochemistry Practical 7: Urine and Serum Analysis 1. Serum Analysis a. Albumin Quantification Principle: The test relies on the reaction of albumin with Bromocresol green (BCG) reagent in an acidic citrate environment, forming a blue-colored complex. The intensity of the color is directly proportional to the albumin concentration…