Water Hardness: An Overview
Hard Water:
- Temporary hard water: Contains Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO3– ions.
- Permanent hard water: Contains Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl–, SO42- ions.
Addressing Hard Water:
- Two preferred substances: Na2CO3, Na3PO4 (or K2CO3, K3PO4)
Important Compounds:
- Anhydrous gypsum: CaSO4
- Plaster of Paris: CaSO4.H2O
- Alum: K2SO4.Al(SO4)3.24H2O or KAl(SO4)2.12H2O
Chemical Properties:
- Least reactive metal: Fe
- Gases at room temperature: HCHO, CH3CHO
- NaHCO3: Used for treating indigestion, baking powder
- Zn3P2: Used as a rat poison
- Starch and Cellulose: Do not react with Cu(OH)2
- Sucrose, starch, cellulose: Do not participate in the reaction with AgNO3/NH3
- Monohydric alcohols: Do not react with base solutions
Fatty Acids:
- Palmitic acid: C15H31COOH
- Stearic acid: C17H35COOH
- Oleic acid: C17H33COOH
- Linoleic acid: C17H31COOH
Carbohydrates:
- Monosaccharide: Glucose, Fructose (C6H12O6)
- Disaccharide: Sucrose, Maltose (C12H22O11)
- Polysaccharide: Starch, Cellulose (C6H10O6)n
This translation provides a concise overview of the concepts related to water hardness, important compounds, chemical properties, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. It uses appropriate chemical formulas and clear language for better understanding.
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