Type 2 Diabetes Treatment

Oral Medications:

Sulfonylurea (SU)

• Mechanism:

• Stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas.

• Prevents insulin breakdown.

• Classification:

• First generation (SU1): Tobutamid, Carbartamid, Clopropamid.

• Second generation (SU2): Gli…

• Side effects:

• Hypoglycemia, disulfiram-like reaction, agranulocytosis, hepatitis.

• Indications:

• Non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Take 30 minutes before meals.

Glinide

• Medications: Nateglinide, Repaglinide.

• Mechanism: Stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas.

• Indications: Patients with type 2 diabetes, use after meals, can be taken with food.

• Side effects: Milder than SU.

Biguanide

• Medication: Metformin.

• Mechanism:

• Activates AMPK, increases insulin activity in cells.

• Only effective in the presence of endogenous insulin.

• Indications: Obese patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Side effects:

• Lactic acidosis.

• Metallic taste.

• Reduced absorption of vitamin B12, B9.

Thiazolidinediones (TZD)

• Medication: Pioglitazone.

• Mechanism:

• Activates PPAR gamma receptors.

• Increases insulin sensitivity.

• Side effects:

• Weight gain.

• Liver toxicity.

• Edema.

• Osteoporosis.

Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors:

• Medication: Acarbose.

• Mechanism: Inhibits alpha-glucosidase enzyme, slowing down sugar absorption in the gut.

• Indications: Take after meals.

Injectable Medications:

DPP-4 Inhibitors:

• Medications: …liptin.

• Mechanism: Inhibits DPP-4 enzyme, increasing endogenous GLP-1 levels.

• Side effects:

• Mild weight loss.

• Pancreatitis.

GLP-1 Analogs:

• Medication: Exenatide.

• Mechanism: Similar to endogenous GLP-1, binds and activates GLP-1 receptors.

• Indications: Patients with type 2 diabetes.

• Administration: Subcutaneous injection twice daily.

Amylin Analogs:

• Medication: Pramlintide.

• Mechanism: Derivative of amylin, helps slow digestion and insulin secretion.

• Indications: More common in patients with type 1 diabetes.

• Administration: Subcutaneous injection.

Note: This information is for general knowledge only. Please consult your doctor before using any medications.