Infectious Diseases – Supplement and Notes

1. Symptoms of Early Tuberculosis (TB)

Muscle aches: This is a common symptom but not specific, and needs to be combined with other symptoms for diagnosis.

Evening fever: Mild fever, usually in the evening, lasting from weeks to months.

Fatigue: Feeling tired, lack of appetite, and decline in overall health.

Dry cough: Dry cough that persists and may produce phlegm with blood.

Night sweats: Excessive sweating, especially at night.

Weight loss: Unexplained weight loss.

Chest pain: Pain in the chest when taking a deep breath.

Note:

These symptoms can be caused by other conditions.

See a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment.

2. Early Symptoms of Congenital Syphilis

Contagious: Congenital syphilis is transmitted from mother to child through the placenta, blood, or breast milk.

Similar to Stage II Syphilis in adults: Includes:

Rash: Red rash, not itchy or painful, often appearing on the palms, soles, and trunk.

Lymphadenitis: Hard, painless, movable lymph nodes, often in the neck, armpits, and groin.

Oral mucosal inflammation: Ulcers in the mouth, causing pain.

Eye inflammation: Red eyes, tearing, and eye pain.

Nasal inflammation: Runny nose, nasal congestion.

Note:

These symptoms may appear later in life.

Take your child to a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment.

3. 2nd Generation Sulfonylureas (Diabetes Medication)

Glibenclamide: Long-lasting effect, less likely to cause hypoglycemia.

Glyburide: Rapid onset, can cause hypoglycemia.

Glipizide: Rapid onset, less likely to cause hypoglycemia, often used in the elderly.

Gliclazide: Rapid onset, less likely to cause hypoglycemia.

Note:

Sulfonylureas are not the only diabetes treatment.

Medication selection depends on the patient’s condition and other factors.

4. Common Side Effects of Isoniazid

Blood disorders: Aplastic anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia.

Mental disorders: Seizures, depression, hallucinations.

Joint pain: Arthritis, pain in the joints.

Acne: Acne, rash, itching.

Note:

Isoniazid can cause serious side effects.

Follow the prescribed dosage and treatment duration as instructed by your doctor.

5. Metformin is less likely to cause hypoglycemia than Sulfonylurea? (T/F):

True: Metformin is a diabetes medication in the biguanide class, which inhibits glucose production in the liver and increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. Metformin is less likely to cause hypoglycemia than sulfonylurea, however, it can cause side effects such as diarrhea, nausea, and stomach pain.

6. Common Side Effects of Proton Pump Inhibitors, Antihistamines

GI discomfort: Gastric ulcers, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea.

Fractures: Increased risk of fractures, especially in the elderly.

Polymyositis: Polymyositis, muscle pain, muscle weakness.

Arthritis: Arthritis, joint pain.

Anemia: Anemia, leukopenia.

Reduced B12 absorption: May cause vitamin B12 deficiency.

Note:

These side effects can occur in some patients.

Inform your doctor if you experience any side effects.

7. Characteristics of RA-acting Drugs

Treating rheumatoid arthritis: These drugs suppress the immune system, reducing inflammation and joint pain.

Examples: Methotrexate, Leflunomide, Hydroxychloroquine, Sulfasalazine, Tocilizumab, Rituximab.

Note:

These drugs can cause serious side effects.

Follow the prescribed dosage and treatment duration as instructed by your doctor.

8. Which medication requires regular color vision checks?

Ethambutol: This medication can damage the optic nerve, leading to decreased vision or blindness.

Regular color vision checks: At least once every 6 weeks.

Note:

Stop using the medication immediately if you experience any vision problems.

9. Antibiotics primarily eliminate gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria? (T/F)

False: Antibiotics can be classified based on their spectrum of activity, affecting gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria or anaerobes and aerobes.

Examples:

Broad-spectrum antibiotics: Active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, e.g., penicillin, cephalosporin.

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics: Active against specific bacterial species, e.g., vancomycin (gram-positive), metronidazole (anaerobic).

Note:

Do not self-medicate with antibiotics.

Antibiotics selection should be based on a doctor’s diagnosis.

10. Effects of Cimetidine

Treating gastric ulcers, GERD: Cimetidine is an H2-antihistamine, which inhibits gastric acid secretion.

Note:

Cimetidine can cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, and dizziness.

Follow the prescribed dosage and treatment duration as instructed by your doctor.

11. Fat-soluble vitamins

A, E, D, K: These vitamins are stored in adipose tissue and can accumulate in the body.

Note:

Excessive supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins can cause toxicity.

12. Primary injection route for Heparin:

E (subcutaneous, intravenous): Heparin is an anticoagulant, commonly administered subcutaneously or intravenously.

Note:

Do not self-inject heparin.

Follow the prescribed dosage and treatment duration as instructed by your doctor.

13. Paracetamol poisoning treatment

Acetylcysteine: Acetylcysteine is an antidote for paracetamol poisoning, and should be administered as soon as possible to prevent liver damage.

Note:

Do not self-administer acetylcysteine.

Take the patient to the nearest medical facility for immediate treatment.

14. Medications for TB prophylaxis

Isoniazid: Isoniazid is an anti-tuberculosis drug, which kills TB bacteria.

Note:

Follow the prescribed dosage and treatment duration as instructed by your doctor.

15. Which vitamin reduces liver inflammation when taking isoniazid?

B6: Vitamin B6 helps protect the liver and reduces side effects of isoniazid.

Note:

Vitamin B6 supplementation should be prescribed by your doctor.

16. Phenicol has serious side effects and is not used as a systemic antibiotic or for infection prophylaxis (T/F):

True: Phenicol (chloramphenicol) has serious side effects, including bone marrow suppression, leukopenia, and aplastic anemia. Therefore, phenicol is only used in specific situations when other medications are ineffective.

17. Female patient with menorrhagia and heavy vaginal bleeding, is this a warning or normal?

A. Serious: Menorrhagia is a condition of abnormal menstrual bleeding, lasting longer than 7 days or with a higher volume of blood than normal. When menorrhagia is combined with heavy vaginal bleeding, seek medical attention immediately.

18. Female patient with menorrhagia and vaginal bleeding, how to manage it?

A. Whole blood transfusion: Menorrhagia and heavy vaginal bleeding can lead to anemia, requiring a whole blood transfusion to replenish the lost blood.

Note:

Specific management should be based on the patient’s condition and doctor’s instructions.

19. Urine of a healthy person randomly found 1000 E.coli bacteria.

A. Transient infection: The presence of small amounts of E.coli in the urine of healthy individuals could be due to transient infection, not causing illness.

20. Urine of a healthy person randomly found 100,000 E.coli bacteria.

B. Real infection: A high number of E.coli in the urine indicates urinary tract infection. Antibiotics are needed for treatment.

21. Using a condom is the best way to prevent HIV through sexual transmission.

a. True: Using a condom is the most effective way to prevent HIV transmission through sexual intercourse.

22. The test to detect dengue antigens can be performed on the 4th day of illness.

a. True: The dengue antigen test can be performed early, within 4 days of infection.

23. Not all infected individuals become ill.

a. True: Infection is the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. Not all infections lead to illness, as the immune system is capable of fighting off bacteria.

24. How long does chickenpox rash last?

C. 5-7: Chickenpox rash usually lasts for 5-7 days.

25. Location of generalized chickenpox rash:

a. Trunk spreading to limbs: Generalized chickenpox rash often appears on the trunk and spreads to the limbs.

Note:

Chickenpox rash can appear in various locations, but the most common is the trunk and limbs.

26. Common chickenpox treatment:

Skin hygiene, isolation, no need for antibiotics or antivirals: Chickenpox treatment mainly focuses on symptom management, including skin hygiene and isolation to prevent spread. Antibiotics and antiviral medications are usually not necessary.

27. Which cell produces antibodies?

A. B lymphocytes: B lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce antibodies.

Note:

Antibodies are proteins produced by B lymphocytes, responsible for killing bacteria or viruses.

28. Which vaccine is administered intramuscularly?

B. DTaP: Diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine is administered intramuscularly.

Note:

Vaccine administration should be performed by qualified healthcare professionals.

29. When is congenital syphilis transmitted from mother to child?

C. Between weeks 16-28: Congenital syphilis is usually transmitted from mother to child through the placenta between weeks 16-28 of pregnancy.

Note:

Syphilis screening and treatment should be conducted in pregnant women to prevent transmission to the fetus.

30. Late manifestations of congenital syphilis:

Deafness, bilateral knee effusion (Clutton’s joint disease): Late manifestations of congenital syphilis often appear later in life, affecting vision, hearing, teeth, bones, and the nervous system.

Note:

Take your child to a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment.

31. Complications of congenital syphilis:

Hutchinson’s teeth, saddle nose, saber shins: Congenital syphilis can cause various complications, affecting the child’s health throughout life.

Note:

Timely treatment of congenital syphilis can minimize complications.

32. Treatment of congenital syphilis:

D. Benzylpenicillin for 10-14 days: Benzylpenicillin is an effective treatment for congenital syphilis, and should be administered for 10-14 days.

Note:

Congenital syphilis treatment should be performed by a specialist.

33. Incubation period of Staphylococci causing food poisoning:

1-6 hours: The incubation period for Staphylococci causing food poisoning is usually very short, ranging from 1-6 hours.

Note:

Pay attention to the incubation period to determine the source of contaminated food.

34. Average incubation period of bacteria in gastrointestinal infections:

1-3 days: The incubation period for bacteria causing gastrointestinal infections is typically 1-3 days.

Note:

Emphasize food safety practices to prevent gastrointestinal infections.

35. Symptoms of influenza when upper respiratory tract is involved:

Sneezing, runny nose, dry cough, hoarseness…: Influenza commonly causes symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, dry cough, hoarseness, and sore throat.

Note:

Get enough rest, drink plenty of fluids, and take medications as prescribed by your doctor to treat influenza.

36. Onset phase of influenza:

Sudden onset of high fever 39-40 degrees, possibly with chills/rigors, headache, muscle pain, fatigue. Short cough without phlegm: The onset phase of influenza is usually sudden with high fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, fatigue.

Note:

See a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment if you suspect influenza.

37. Serious complications of dysentery:

Bowel perforation, rectal prolapse…: Dysentery can cause serious complications such as bowel perforation, rectal prolapse, peritonitis, and malnutrition.

Note:

Timely treatment of dysentery is essential to prevent complications.

38. Target population for Hepatitis A vaccine:

Children aged 2 years and above and adults: The Hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) is recommended for children aged 2 years and above and adults.

Note:

Vaccine administration should be performed by qualified healthcare professionals.

39. Which test is used for TB screening?

Mantoux: The Mantoux test is a skin test used for TB screening.

Note:

A positive Mantoux test does not necessarily mean you have TB. Further examination and testing are needed for diagnosis.

40. Which age group is most susceptible to GI infections?

B. 1-5 years: Young children, especially those under 5 years old, have underdeveloped immune systems and are more prone to gastrointestinal infections.

41. How many groups are there for food poisoning agents?

D. All: Food poisoning agents include bacteria, viruses, toxic fungi, parasites, and toxic chemicals.

42. Virus causing diarrhea in children:

Rotavirus: Rotavirus is the most common virus causing diarrhea in children.

Note:

Rotavirus vaccination is recommended for children to protect them from the risk of diarrhea.

43. Warning signs of dengue hemorrhagic fever:

Restlessness, lethargy, stupor: These signs suggest the patient is experiencing dengue shock syndrome, requiring emergency medical attention.

Note:

Monitor dengue patients closely to detect warning signs early.

44. How many stages are there for HIV?

C. 4: HIV has 4 stages:

Stage 1: Acute HIV infection.

Stage 2: Asymptomatic HIV infection.

Stage 3: Symptomatic HIV infection.

Stage 4: AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome).

45. When is a patient with dengue hospitalized?

C. Manifestation: Patients with dengue are usually hospitalized during the manifestation phase of the illness, when symptoms become more severe.

Note:

Closely monitor dengue patients to detect warning signs early.

46. What are the key factors for diagnosing infectious diseases?

D. All: To diagnose infectious diseases, rely on epidemiological, clinical, and paraclinical factors.

Note:

Infectious disease diagnosis should be conducted by a specialist.

47. Immunity in mumps is:

B. Lifelong: After contracting mumps, individuals develop lifelong immunity.

Note:

Mumps vaccination can protect the body from contracting the disease.

48. When should TB and HIV tests be performed?

2-3 months after exposure: TB and HIV tests should be conducted 2-3 months after exposure to the source of infection.

Note:

Early testing can help detect illness early and ensure timely treatment.

49. If a patient with syphilis is allergic to penicillin, which antibiotic can be used?

Erythromycin: If a patient is allergic to penicillin, erythromycin can be used to treat syphilis.

Note:

Choosing alternative antibiotics should be done by a specialist.

50. Does a child completely recovered from tetanus have immunity?

C. No immunity: After recovering from tetanus, the body does not have immunity against the disease.

Note:

Tetanus vaccination is essential to protect the body from contracting the disease.

51. What is the specific medication for tetanus?

Metronidazole, SAT serum, sedation: Metronidazole is an antibacterial drug, SAT serum is an antitoxin, and sedation helps reduce convulsions.

Note:

Tetanus treatment should be performed by a specialist.

52. Onset symptoms of Hepatitis A:

Fatigue, dark urine, yellow eyes, but no jaundice: The onset phase of Hepatitis A is usually characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, yellow eyes, and dark urine.

Note:

Get vaccinated against Hepatitis A to protect yourself from contracting the disease.

53. Name of dysentery:

C. Shigella: Shigella bacteria cause dysentery.

Note:

Emphasize food safety practices to prevent contracting dysentery.

54. Family of dysentery:

C. Enterobacteriaceae: Shigella bacteria belong to the Enterobacteriaceae family.

55. Main route of HIV transmission in Vietnam:

B. Injecting: The main route of HIV transmission in Vietnam is through injection.

Note:

Use safe needles and avoid injecting drugs to prevent HIV transmission.

56. What is injected into the body during vaccination?

Antigen: Vaccines contain antigens, which stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against the disease.

57. What is injected into the body when administering SAT serum for tetanus?

Antibodies: SAT serum contains antibodies against the toxin of the tetanus bacteria.

58. How many phases does SARS have?

3: SARS has 3 phases:

Onset phase: Fever, cough, headache.

Progressive phase: Pneumonia, shortness of breath.

Respiratory failure phase: Severe respiratory failure, requiring mechanical ventilation.

59. Which phase of SARS does respiratory failure occur?

3: Respiratory failure occurs in the 3rd phase of SARS.

Note:

SARS is a dangerous disease, and can be fatal. Seek timely treatment at a medical facility.

60. Is the following statement true: The full manifestation phase of Vibrio is characterized by watery diarrhea with a cloudy, rice-water-like appearance and a fishy odor.

A. True: The full manifestation phase of cholera is characterized by copious watery diarrhea, with a cloudy, rice-water-like appearance and a fishy odor.

61. Tamiflu dosage for individuals weighing over 35kg?

C. 60mg: The Tamiflu dosage for individuals weighing over 35kg is 60mg per dose, twice daily.

Note:

Tamiflu is an antiviral medication that inhibits influenza virus replication.

62. What is the characteristic of the onset phase of shigellosis?

A. 1-3 days: The incubation period for shigellosis is usually 1-3 days.

Note:

Emphasize food safety practices to prevent contracting shigellosis.

63. Incubation period of bacteria causing foodborne infection:

C. 1-3 days: The incubation period for bacteria causing foodborne infections is typically 1-3 days.

Note:

Pay attention to the incubation period to determine the source of contaminated food.

64. Principles of SARS treatment:

Hospitalization and complete isolation: SARS patients need to be hospitalized and completely isolated to prevent transmission to others.

Note:

SARS is a dangerous disease, and requires timely treatment at a medical facility.

65. Purpose of ARV treatment:

Restore immune function: ARV (antiretroviral) treatment helps suppress HIV replication, restoring the body’s immune function.

Note:

ARV treatment should be performed by a specialist and monitored closely to assess treatment effectiveness.

66. First-line ARV regimen:

ZDV/TDF + 3TC + EFV/NVP: This is the first-line ARV regimen, used for individuals newly infected with HIV.

Note:

ARV regimen selection should be performed by a specialist.

67. Incubation period of Hepatitis C:

C. 15-160 days: The incubation period of Hepatitis C is typically 15-160 days.

Note:

Get vaccinated against Hepatitis B to protect yourself from contracting the disease.

68. Incubation period of Hepatitis A:

A. 15-45 days: The incubation period of Hepatitis A is typically 15-45 days.

Note:

Get vaccinated against Hepatitis A to protect yourself from contracting the disease.

69. Discharge criteria for cholera:

No diarrhea, 3 negative stool tests: Cholera patients can be discharged when diarrhea resolves and stool tests are negative on 3 consecutive occasions.

Note:

Follow post-discharge instructions from your doctor to prevent reinfection.

70. Principles of cholera treatment:

Isolation, antibiotics, fluid and electrolyte replacement: Cholera treatment includes isolation to prevent spread, antibiotics to kill cholera bacteria, and fluid and electrolyte replacement to address dehydration.

Note:

Follow your doctor’s instructions for treating cholera.

71. Consequences of lower respiratory tract infection:

Pneumonia: Lower respiratory tract infection can lead to pneumonia, causing difficulty breathing and respiratory failure.

Note:

See a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment if you experience lower respiratory tract infection.

72. Is the following statement true: The onset phase of shigellosis is characterized by typical diarrhea?

A. True: The onset phase of shigellosis is often characterized by diarrhea, with loose stools, blood, and mucus.

Note:

Timely treatment of dysentery is essential to prevent complications.

73. Individuals at risk of TB infection:

C. HIV/AIDS: Individuals with HIV/AIDS have weakened immune systems and are more susceptible to TB infection.

Note:

See a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment if you are at risk of TB infection.

74. Symptoms of TB during the onset phase:

Evening fever, fatigue, coughing up blood: The onset phase of TB is often characterized by symptoms such as evening fever, fatigue, dry cough, and possibly coughing up phlegm with blood.

Note:

See a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment if you suspect TB.

75. A 74-year-old male with a history of diabetes is hospitalized for pneumonia caused by influenza A virus. Which factor increases the likelihood of poor progression?

A. Over 65 years old, diabetes: Elderly individuals and those with diabetes have weakened immune systems, making them more susceptible to serious complications when infected with influenza A.

Note:

Get vaccinated against influenza for elderly individuals, those with diabetes, and individuals with chronic illnesses to reduce the risk of complications.

76. What advice should be given to the family of a patient with influenza A?

C. Wear N95 masks: N95 masks filter bacteria and viruses more effectively than regular masks.

Note:

Isolate influenza A patients to prevent spreading the infection to others.

77. How should HIV patients take ARV medications?

B. Take at a specific time: HIV patients should take ARV medications at the correct dose and time to ensure effective treatment.

Note:

Do not stop taking ARV medications without consulting your doctor.

78. Agents causing sexually transmitted infections:

Chlamydia, Neisseria, Treponema: Chlamydia, Neisseria, and Treponema are agents that cause sexually transmitted infections.

Note:

Use condoms during sexual intercourse to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

79. Incubation period of cholera:

1-4 days: The incubation period of cholera is typically 1-4 days.

Note:

Emphasize food safety practices to prevent contracting cholera.

80. Characteristic of vomiting in cholera:

Excessive, persistent vomiting: Cholera often causes excessive, persistent vomiting, leading to dehydration and electrolyte loss.

Note:

Replenish fluids and electrolytes for cholera patients to prevent severe dehydration.

81. Treatment for Grade 1 diarrhea:

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) + antibiotics: Treatment for Grade 1 diarrhea includes fluid and electrolyte replacement with ORS and antibiotics to eliminate the causative bacteria.

Note:

Follow your doctor’s instructions for treating diarrhea.

82. How is dehydration diagnosed?

Thirst, sunken eyes, skin tenting: These signs indicate dehydration, and fluid replacement is needed immediately.

Note:

Take a dehydrated patient to the nearest medical facility for prompt treatment.

83. How many days does the Ministry of Health recommend cholera quarantine?

B. 5: The Ministry of Health recommends cholera quarantine for 5 days after the last case of illness.

Note:

Cholera quarantine helps prevent the spread of the disease.

84. Frequency of dysentery diarrhea:

20-40 days: Dysentery often causes multiple episodes of diarrhea, which can last for 20-40 days.

Note:

Timely treatment of dysentery is essential to prevent complications.

85. Typical symptoms of the full manifestation phase of influenza:

Pain, bacterial infection, respiratory infection: The full manifestation phase of influenza often involves symptoms such as headache, muscle pain, high fever, cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia, otitis media, sinusitis, and conjunctivitis.

Note:

Get enough rest, drink plenty of fluids, and take medications as prescribed by your doctor to treat influenza.

86. Does primary pneumonia after influenza occur quickly?

A. True: Primary pneumonia after influenza usually develops quickly, within a few days of contracting the flu.

Note:

Closely monitor influenza patients to detect early warning signs of pneumonia.

87. Which symptom is not characteristic of the onset phase of dengue?

No fever: Fever is a hallmark symptom of dengue.

Note:

See a doctor for diagnosis and timely treatment if you suspect dengue.

88. What family does Hepatitis C belong to?

B. Flavivirus: Hepatitis C belongs to the Flavivirus family.

Note:

Get vaccinated against Hepatitis B to protect yourself from contracting the disease.

89. What is the TB bacterium?

D. Mycobacterium: The TB bacterium is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Note:

Get vaccinated against TB for children to protect them from contracting the disease.

90. Characteristics of female scabies mites:

400 micrometers long, 20-day life cycle, live between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum, die after 3-4 days away from the host: Female scabies mites are small, live as parasites on human skin, causing scabies.

Note:

Use scabies medication as directed by your doctor to treat scabies.

91. Characteristics of male scabies mites:

Die immediately after mating: Male scabies mites die immediately after mating.

92. Scientific name of scabies mites:

Sarcoptes scabiei: The scientific name of scabies mites is Sarcoptes scabiei.