Basic Knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

Basic Knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

1. Symptoms of Hypoglycemia:

• Occurring mainly when fasting (more than 3 hours after a meal):

• Fatigue, sweating, trembling of hands and feet.

• Symptoms usually disappear when eating, drinking, or receiving glucose.

2. Skin Manifestations in Diabetic Patients:

• Dry, itchy skin.

• Dermatitis (due to streptococcus, staphylococcus), boils on the buttocks, deep abscesses in the pelvic floor.

• Xanthomas, scleroderma, subcutaneous fat necrosis.

• Yellow palms and soles.

3. Definitive Diagnosis of DM:

• According to the standards of the American Diabetes Association (ADA).

4. What does HBA1c reflect about blood sugar?

• HBA1c reflects average blood sugar levels over the previous 3 months.

5. What HBA1c value diagnoses DM?

• HBA1c > 6.5%

6. Lipid Goals for Diabetic Patients:

• LDL < 2.6 mmol/L

• Triglycerides < 2.3 mmol/L

• HDL > 1 mmol/L

7. Diet for Diabetic Patients:

• Consume foods with a low glycemic index: bananas, apples, brown rice, taro, sweet potatoes, etc.

• Drink enough water: 1.5 – 2 L/day.

• Include plenty of fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

• Divide meals into smaller portions throughout the day.

8. Indicators for Insulin Use:

• Blood glucose > 15 mmol/L or HBA1c > 9%.