Anemia Anemia Anemia Definition: Anemia is a condition in which there is a decrease in the number of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin in the blood. Symptoms: Oxygen transport disorder: The body lacks oxygen, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heartbeat, and pale skin. Changes in red blood cell structure:…
Toxicology Practicum: Detailed Guide to Chemical Reactions Toxicology Practicum: Detailed Guide to Chemical Reactions Toxicology Practicum: Detailed Guide to Chemical Reactions I. Formaldehyde (HCHO) 1. Isolation of HCHO: Method: Steam distillation. Role of H3PO4: Converts HCHO from its bound form to its free form, making the distillation process more efficient. 2. Qualitative Analysis of HCHO:…
Circulatory System Exercises – Lec 3.2 Circulatory System Exercises – Lec 3.2 Circulatory System Exercises – Lec 3.2 1. Which of the following arteries is NOT used for taking a pulse? A. Femoral artery B. Radial artery C. Common carotid artery D. Subclavian artery Answer: D 2. Which artery is used to measure blood pressure?…
IV Fluids for Hydration IV Fluids for Hydration IV Fluids for Hydration IV fluids are used to rehydrate the body in cases of dehydration due to: High fever: When you have a fever, your body loses fluids through excessive sweating. Severe diarrhea: Diarrhea leads to fluid and electrolyte loss through stool. Excessive vomiting: Vomiting results…
Chapter 3: Duodenum – Pancreas Chapter 3: Duodenum – Pancreas Chapter 3: Duodenum – Pancreas Duodenum: Mobile Part: Occupies 2/3 of the upper part (duodenal bulb). The remaining part is fixed. Duodenal Bulb: Smooth mucosa. The remaining part has many folds. Arteries: Gastroduodenal artery. Splenic artery. Superior mesenteric artery. Pancreas: Structure: Has 3 surfaces: Anterior…
Chapter 4: Glucose Metabolism Chapter 4: Glucose Metabolism Chapter 4: Glucose Metabolism # Role of the Pituitary Gland in Blood Glucose Regulation The anterior pituitary gland plays a significant role in blood glucose regulation. Specifically: Decreased glycogen synthesis and increased glycogen breakdown: The anterior pituitary gland reduces the amount of glycogen stored in the body…
Sodium Chloride 0.9% Solution Sodium Chloride 0.9% Solution Composition: Active ingredient: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solvent: Sterile water for injection Characteristics: Concentration: 0.9% Properties: Isotonic solution pH: 4.5-7 Indications: Helps to restore electrolyte balance in the body due to causes such as vomiting, burns, diarrhea. Precautions: This product should only be used as directed by a…
Physiology of Digestion and Food Absorption Physiology of Digestion and Food Absorption Physiology of Digestion and Food Absorption 1. Digestive Process: Mouth: Chewing: Increases the surface area of food for digestive enzymes. Salivary amylase secretion: Amylase in saliva breaks down starch into shorter polychains (dextrin) and maltose. Sweet taste creation: Maltose creates a sweet taste…
Central and Cranial Nerves Central and Cranial Nerves Central and Cranial Nerves 1. A 40-year-old patient has a crushed lumbar spinal cord due to a fracture of the vertebral column. At what level of the vertebral column could the fracture have occurred? A. Lumbar vertebral column, at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. B.…
Morphology and Structure of Prokaryotic Cells Morphology and Structure of Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryotic cells are distinguished from eukaryotic cells by the absence of internal organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus. The functions of these organelles are carried out on the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are divided into 4 main regions: 1.…