Classification and Naming of Organic Compounds Classification and Naming of Organic Compounds 1. Classification of Organic Compounds: a) Two main types of organic compounds: Hydrocarbons: These are compounds formed from two elements: carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). Note: Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of organic compounds, but they are the source for creating more complex…
Chemistry 8 – Chapter 1 – Matter Chemistry 8 – Chapter 1 – Matter 1. Where is matter found? Matter is the substance that makes up objects. Matter is found everywhere, wherever there are objects, there is matter. Each substance (pure substance) has specific physical and chemical properties that differentiate it from other substances. Examples:…
The Structure of a Cell and Functions of Its Organelles The Structure of a Cell and Functions of Its Organelles The cell is the fundamental unit of life, and it is responsible for all of the basic functions that keep organisms alive. Every cell has a specific structure that is made up of the following…
Arrhythmia: Causes, Classification, and Treatment Arrhythmia: Causes, Classification, and Treatment Arrhythmia is an abnormal heart rhythm that can manifest as a fast, slow, or irregular heartbeat. Arrhythmias can be caused by a variety of factors, including cardiovascular disease, electrolyte disturbances, medication use, or other factors. Classification of Arrhythmias: 1. Arrhythmias due to disorders of the…
Stillbirth: Causes, Diagnosis, Management, and Complications Stillbirth: Causes, Diagnosis, Management, and Complications 1. Definition: Stillbirth refers to the death of a fetus in the womb after 20 weeks of pregnancy. It’s a common occurrence, affecting approximately 10-20% of pregnancies. The causes of stillbirth are diverse, ranging from maternal factors, fetal factors, or a combination of…
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, stiffness, and eventually joint deformities. 1. ACR 1987 Criteria for Diagnosing RA: The ACR (American College of Rheumatology) 1987 criteria is a set of standards used to diagnose RA. A patient is diagnosed…
Host Immune Response and Bacterial Pathogens – Supplement and Detail Host Immune Response and Bacterial Pathogens – Supplement and Detail 1. Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis) 1.1 Reservoir: Humans only are the sole reservoir for pertussis bacteria. 1.2 Bacterial Name: Bordetella pertussis is the scientific name of the bacteria causing whooping cough. 1.3 Morphology and Staining: Gram-negative…
The Digestive System The Digestive System 1. Functions of the Digestive System The digestive system performs several crucial functions that allow the body to absorb and utilize nutrients from food: Mechanical: Grinding, churning, and moving food through the digestive tract. Digestive: Breaking down food into simpler, absorbable components. Absorptive: Absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream and…
An Overview of Allergic Reactions and Allergic Diseases An Overview of Allergic Reactions and Allergic Diseases 1. Concept Allergic reaction, also known as hypersensitivity, is a condition of increased immune response of the body to fight against a certain agent from outside the body, leading to tissue damage and clinical symptoms. Consequences of allergic reactions…
Applications of Genetics in Breeding Applications of Genetics in Breeding Genetics plays a crucial role in developing new breeds that enhance yield, quality, and resilience in crops and livestock. Here are some applications of genetics in breeding: 1. Mutation Breeding: Process of developing new breeds through mutation breeding: Step 1: Treating the sample with mutagens:…