Chromosome Number Mutations Chromosome Number Mutations 1. Definition: Chromosome number mutations are changes in the number of chromosomes that occur in one or more chromosome pairs in a cell. 2. Types of chromosome number mutations: a) Aneuploidy: Trisomy (2n + 1): There are 3 chromosomes in one chromosome pair. Monosomy (2n – 1): One chromosome…
Psychomotor Development in Children Psychomotor Development in Children This article will provide detailed information on the psychomotor development of children at different stages, from infancy to puberty, including influencing factors, assessment parameters, and notes on common pathologies. I. Stages of Psychomotor Development The psychomotor development of children is divided into the following stages: 1. Neonatal…
Pharmaceutical Preparation 1 – Pharmaceutical Solutions Pharmaceutical Preparation 1 – Pharmaceutical Solutions 1. Definition of “Pharmaceutical Solutions” A pharmaceutical solution is a preparation made by dissolving one or more medicinal substances in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. Pharmaceutical solutions can be used internally (for systemic effects) or externally (for topical effects). 2. Classification…
Penicillin: The King of Antibiotics Penicillin: The King of Antibiotics Penicillin was one of the first antibiotics discovered and remains one of the most important antibiotics today. It has bactericidal activity, meaning it kills bacteria. It works by inhibiting the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall. Penicillin Classification: Penicillin is classified into four groups based…
Pharmaceutical Preparation 1 – Medicinal Solutions Pharmaceutical Preparation 1 – Medicinal Solutions 1. Definition of “Medicinal Solution” A medicinal solution is a pharmaceutical preparation that is prepared by dissolving one or more medicinal substances in a solvent or a mixture of solvents. Medicinal solutions can be used internally (for systemic effects) or externally (for topical…
Emulsion Formulation Techniques Emulsion Formulation Techniques The Concept of Pharmaceutical Emulsions A pharmaceutical emulsion is a heterogeneous dispersion system consisting of two immiscible liquid phases. The dispersed liquid phase is uniformly distributed in the form of fine droplets within the other liquid phase (the dispersion medium). These droplets range in size from 0.1 to several…
Formulation 1: Fundamental Knowledge of Solvents and Solutions Formulation 1: Fundamental Knowledge of Solvents and Solutions 1. Basic Concepts: Solute: The substance that dissolves in a solvent, existing in solid, liquid, or gaseous states. Solvent: The dissolving medium, typically in a liquid state. Solution: The homogeneous mixture formed when a solute dissolves in a solvent.…
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Children Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Children Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are a common condition in children, particularly in girls. UTIs can lead to serious complications if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Incidence: – 5-20% of children between the ages of 2 months and 2 years experience UTIs. –…
Pharmaceutical Formulation 1: Syrup Pharmaceutical Formulation 1: Syrup 1. Definition Syrup is a liquid, sweet, viscous dosage form containing a high concentration of sugar (sucrose) ranging from 54-65%, equivalent to a specific gravity of 1.26-1.32. Syrups can be formulated as solutions or suspensions and are used for both single and multiple doses. 2. Classification Simple…