Biology Content Review and Editing:

1. Liver Fluke and Cattle:

• What is the relationship between liver flukes and cattle?
• Parasitism: Liver flukes are parasites that live in the livers of cattle, obtaining nutrients from the cattle’s body for their survival and growth.

Note: Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms where one organism (the parasite) lives in or on another organism (the host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host’s expense.

2. Vestigial Organs:

• Which of the following organs in humans is a vestigial organ?
• Coccyx: The coccyx is the remnant of the tailbone in mammals, which has degenerated and is no longer functional.

Note: Vestigial organs are organs that have lost their original function and are smaller in size compared to their ancestral counterparts, often only remaining as a trace.

3. Hypothesis of Hereditary Factors:

• Which of the following scientists proposed the hypothesis that hereditary factors from the father and mother exist separately in the offspring’s cells without blending?
• G.J Mendel: Mendel was an Austrian scientist known for his studies on genetics using pea plants. He formulated the fundamental laws of heredity, including the hypothesis of the separate existence and independent segregation of hereditary factors.

Note: Mendel’s hypothesis laid the foundation for modern genetics.

4. Natural Selection Factor:

• According to modern evolutionary theory, which of the following factors enhances the level of adaptation of traits by accumulating alleles that determine adaptive traits?
• Natural selection: Natural selection is the primary driving force of evolution. It eliminates individuals less adapted to the environment, preserving those better suited, leading to the accumulation and prevalence of alleles governing adaptive traits within the population.

Note: Natural selection operates on the principle of “survival of the fittest,” acting as the main catalyst for biodiversity on Earth.

5. Raw Material for Protein Synthesis:

• Which of the following molecules is synthesized using amino acids as raw materials?
• Protein: Proteins are macromolecules composed of chains of amino acids linked together in a specific sequence.

Note: Proteins play crucial roles in the structure, function, and activity of living organisms.

6. Achievement of Gene Technology:

• Tomatoes with an inactive gene for ripening are an achievement of?
• Gene technology: Gene technology is the technique of directly manipulating the genetic material of organisms. It allows for the creation of crops with desirable traits.

Note: Tomatoes with an inactive gene for ripening are a prime example of gene technology’s application in agriculture, leading to slower-ripening fruits with better storage life.

7. Grouping Animals:

• Based on the adaptation of animals to which of the following environmental factors are animals classified into groups of homeothermic and poikilothermic animals?
• Temperature: Homeothermic animals maintain a stable body temperature regardless of the surrounding temperature. Poikilothermic animals have body temperatures that fluctuate with the environment.

Note: The distinction in how they regulate body temperature is a key characteristic that sets homeothermic and poikilothermic animals apart.

8. Starting Link in the Food Chain:

• Among the organisms: frog, sugarcane, sugarcane leaf-eating caterpillars, cobra. Which organism is the starting link?
• Sugarcane: Sugarcane is a producer, capable of synthesizing organic matter from sunlight energy, providing food for other organisms in the food chain.

Note: The starting link in the food chain is an autotroph, capable of producing organic matter from inorganic materials.

9. Secondary Consumer:

• Among the organisms: frog, sugarcane, sugarcane leaf-eating caterpillars, cobra. Which organism is the secondary consumer?
• Frog: Frogs are carnivores that consume sugarcane leaf-eating caterpillars (primary consumers), making them secondary consumers.

Note: Secondary consumers are carnivores that consume primary consumers.

10. Specificity of Genetic Code:

• The fact that one codon only codes for one type of amino acid indicates that the genetic code is?
• Specific: The genetic code is specific, meaning each codon codes for a unique amino acid.

Note: The specificity of the genetic code ensures accuracy in protein synthesis.

11. Allele Pair:

• In peas, the allele for smooth seeds and the allele for wrinkled seeds are called?
• An allele pair: These two alleles reside at the same locus (location) on a chromosome, governing the same trait but with different expressions.

Note: An allele pair is two alternative forms of the same gene, located at the same locus, determining a trait.

12. Method of Autotetraploidy Induction:

• Theoretically, using the method of autotetraploidy induction, can cells of the following genotypes: BB, Bb, and bb be used to create tetraploid cells with the genotype BBBb? True or false?
• False: The method of autotetraploidy induction can only generate tetraploid cells with genotypes: BBBB, BBbb, bbbb. The BBBb genotype cannot be generated through this method.

Note: Autotetraploidy induction doubles the chromosome number of a cell, resulting in a tetraploid cell.

13. Asexual Reproduction:

• Using the method of asexual reproduction, from a sheep providing eggs with the genotype AABB and a sheep providing cell nuclei with the genotype AaBb, which of the following genotypes can be obtained in the offspring: AABB, AaBb, AaBB, aabb?
• AaBb: Asexual reproduction creates genetically identical copies of the parent, so the offspring will possess the same genotype as the sheep donating the cell nucleus, which is AaBb.

Note: Asexual reproduction is a technique that generates new individuals from somatic cells (body cells) of the parent organism.

14. Maximum Number of Genotype Types:

• In fruit flies, the cross X^MX^m x X^mY is performed, producing F1. Theoretically, how many genotype types can be found in F1?
• 4: This cross results in four genotype types in F1: X^MX^M, X^MX^m, X^MY, X^mY.

Note: To determine the maximum number of genotype types, consider all possible combinations of alleles that can occur in each sex.

15. Starch Transformation in Digestion:

• In the human digestive system, under the action of digestive enzymes, which of the following substances is transformed into glucose? Nucleic acid, Protein, Starch, Lipid
• Starch: Starch is a complex carbohydrate that is broken down into simple sugars (glucose) by the enzyme amylase in the human digestive system.

Note: Glucose is the main source of energy for the human body.

16. Consequence of Chromosome Inversion:

• A gene that was previously active can become inactive or have its activity increased or decreased when it is moved to a new location. This is a consequence of which of the following mutations? Aneuploidy, Polyploidy, Chromosome inversion, Autopolyploidy
• Chromosome inversion: Chromosome inversion alters the position of a chromosome segment, potentially affecting the activity of genes located within the inverted segment.

Note: Chromosome inversion is a type of structural chromosome mutation that can lead to changes in gene expression.

17. Physiological Age:

• The maximum lifespan that an individual in a population can reach is called?
• Physiological age: Physiological age refers to the maximum lifespan that an individual can achieve under ideal living conditions.

Note: Physiological age differs from an individual’s actual lifespan, which can be influenced by environmental factors such as disease, competition, etc.

18. Increased Mortality Rate in a Population:

• If the population density of an animal population increases excessively and the environmental resources are insufficient to sustain all individuals in the population, it usually leads to an increase in: immigration rate, population size, birth rate, mortality rate
• Mortality rate: When resources become scarce, competition among individuals within a population intensifies, leading to a higher mortality rate.

Note: Excessively high population density can exert pressure on resource competition, resulting in a decrease in population size.

19. Frequency of Gene Recombination:

• Meiosis in an organism with the genotype Bd//bD has resulted in gene recombination. Theoretically, in the total number of gametes produced, the frequency of gene recombination is calculated as the sum of the percentage of which two gamete types? bD and bd, BD and bD, BD and bd, Bd and bD
• BD and bd: Gene recombination frequency is the percentage of recombinant gametes (BD and bd) relative to the total number of gametes produced.

Note: Gene recombination is the exchange of segments between homologous chromosomes, resulting in the emergence of recombinant gametes.

20. Event of Bird Origin:

• In the history of the evolution of life through geological eras, which of the following events occurred in the Mesozoic Era: Origin of insects, origin of plants, origin of reptiles, origin of birds?
• Origin of birds: The Mesozoic Era was the age of dinosaurs and reptiles, also marking the emergence of birds.

Note: The origin of birds is a significant event in the history of life, signifying the appearance of a group of animals with flight capabilities.