Infectious Diseases and Epidemics:

1. Foodborne Diseases:

• Respiratory infections, waterborne diseases (like cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever) can be transmitted through food.

• Airborne infections, soil-borne parasitic diseases, and skin infections can also spread through food.

• Diseases contracted from consuming meat, eggs, or milk from sick animals can also be transmitted through food.

2. Diseases Spread through Personal Items:

• Skin and hair conditions can be transmitted through underwear, hats, pillows, combs, and sheets.

3. Diseases Spread through Direct Contact:

• Trachoma (a bacterial eye infection) can spread through sharing towels and wash basins.

• Eating utensils, toys, and other items shared by children can transmit respiratory infections, parasitic diseases, skin infections, and digestive illnesses.

4. Carriers of Disease:

• Carriers can spread bacteria directly through handrails, doorknobs, toilet flush handles, and other frequently touched surfaces.

• Medical instruments can transmit infections from healthcare workers to patients and family members.

5. Intermediate Animal Vectors:

• Insects (flies, cockroaches, mosquitoes) and ticks (blood-sucking parasites) are arthropod vectors that can transmit diseases.

6. The Transmission Process of Arthropods Depends on:

• Their anatomical and physiological characteristics.

7. The Transmission Process of Arthropods Mainly Depends on:

• Their feeding and waste excretion habits.

8. The Danger Posed by Arthropods Depends on:

• Their reproductive capacity.

9. Natural Factors Affecting Human Resistance:

• Changes in non-specific resistance.

10. Natural Factors Affecting Sources of Infection:

• Influence on the reproduction and migration of wild animals.

11. Natural Factors Affecting Transmission Factors:

• Microorganisms can proliferate more rapidly in the summer.

12. Natural Factors Affecting Pathogens:

• Affect the ability and duration of pathogens to survive in the external environment.

13. Social Factors Affecting the Epidemic Process:

• The emergence, persistence, and control of an infectious disease.

14. Social Living Factors Affecting the Epidemic Process:

• Population density, housing conditions, population density, access to clean water, urban sanitation.

• Food hygiene, occupation, lifestyle, behavior.

15. Factors Not Considered Social Factors Influencing Epidemics:

• The spread of microorganisms.

16. The Phenomenon of an Epidemic is:

• The concentration of cases of a disease in a specific time and place.

17. An Epidemic is Defined as the Occurrence of Many Cases:

• With the same characteristics and cause, in a shorter period than usual in a locality.

18. To Determine an Epidemic, There Must Be:

• A higher incidence rate than normal in the locality.

19. How to Determine the Epidemic Status is Assessed Through:

• Statistical analysis, or through logical reasoning that highlights the anomaly.

20. An Epidemic Can Be Considered If There is:

• A first new case emerging in a locality.

21. An Epidemic Cannot Be Considered When:

• The increase in disease does not carry the urgency of an epidemiological event.

22. For Non-Communicable and Chronic Diseases, to Determine the Epidemic Nature:

• Statistical analysis is a necessary condition.

23. Which of the Following Does NOT Relate to the Definition of an Epidemic:

• The presence of a susceptible population and microorganisms.

24. When Examining the Course of an Epidemic, It is Often Observed:

• A rapid increase in new cases initially, followed by a gradual decline.

25. Without Intervention and Under Specific Environmental Conditions, an Epidemic Reflects:

• The “primitive” biological response of the body and the population.

26. A Pandemic is:

• A phenomenon of a widespread outbreak of disease limited by time but not by space.

27. A Pandemic Can:

• Erupt rapidly, spread to many countries, and disappear after a few months.

28. Which of the Following Pandemics Lasts Longer:

• Diseases spread through the digestive tract (like cholera).

29. Endemic Diseases are:

• A phenomenon of widespread outbreaks of disease limited by space but not by time.

30. Endemic Diseases Manifest as:

• Many cases of disease, lasting for many years, even decades.

31. Endemic Diseases Typically Affect:

• Multiple generations in a specific locality.

32. Malnutrition, Malaria, and Trachoma are:

• Endemic diseases in developing countries.

33. Cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and dental caries appear as:

• Endemic diseases in developed countries.