Morphology and Structure of Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic cells are distinguished from eukaryotic cells by the absence of internal organelles like mitochondria, chloroplasts, and Golgi apparatus. The functions of these organelles are carried out on the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotic cells are divided into 4 main regions:

1. Flagella and Pili: These are protein structures that extend from the cell surface, playing roles in movement and adhesion.

2. Cell Envelope: This consists of 3 layers:

• Capsule: The outermost layer, protecting the cell from external agents.

• Cell Wall: A rigid layer, maintaining cell shape.

• Plasma Membrane: A thin membrane enclosing the cytoplasm, controlling the exchange of substances.

3. Cytoplasm: This region houses essential structures:

• DNA: The cell’s genetic material, not enclosed in a nucleus like in eukaryotes.

• Ribosomes: Small organelles involved in protein synthesis.

• Inclusion bodies: Structures that store nutrients and reserve energy.

In conclusion, prokaryotic cells are simple yet efficient structures, adapted to diverse environments.